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| List of Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| History of Electric Power Industry | |
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| Origin of the Industry | |
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| Development of the National Electric Power Grid | |
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| Industry Ownership Structure | |
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| Legislation and Regulation | |
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| Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis | |
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| Environmental Crisis--The Shift to Low-Sulfur Oil | |
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| Fuel Crisis--The Shift from Oil | |
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| Financial Crisis | |
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| Legislative and Regulatory Crisis | |
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| Electric Power System | |
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| Customers | |
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| Sources of the Electric Energy--Generation | |
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| Delivery System | |
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| Interconnections | |
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| Grid | |
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| Basic Electric Power Concepts | |
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| Electric Energy | |
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| Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity | |
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| Direct Current | |
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| Alternating Current | |
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| Three Phases | |
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| Synchronism | |
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| Characteristics of AC Systems | |
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| Resistance | |
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| Induction and Inductive Reactance | |
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| Inductive Reactance | |
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| Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance | |
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| Capacitive Reactance | |
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| Reactance | |
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| Impedance | |
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| Ohm's Law for Alternating Current | |
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| Power in Alternating Current Circuits | |
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| Real Power | |
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| Reactive Power | |
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| Advantages of AC over DC Operation | |
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| Transformers | |
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| Power Flow | |
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| Division of Power Flow Among Transmission Lines | |
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| Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow | |
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| Power Flow and Phase Angle Differences | |
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| Stability | |
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| Results of Instability | |
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| Electric Energy Consumption | |
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| End-Uses for Electricity | |
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| Customer Classes | |
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| Rate Classes | |
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| Demand and Energy | |
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| Energy | |
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| Effects of Load Diversity | |
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| System Load | |
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| Load Management | |
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| Reactive Power | |
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| Forecasts | |
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| Losses and Unaccounted-for Energy in the Delivery System | |
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| Electric Power--Generation | |
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| Types of Generation | |
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| Steam Turbines | |
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| Combustion (Gas) Turbines | |
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| Hydro Turbines | |
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| Pumped Storage | |
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| Nuclear Units | |
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| Reciprocating Engines | |
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| Micro Turbines | |
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| Other Forms of Generation | |
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| Characteristics of Generating Plants | |
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| Size | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Availability | |
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| Capital Cost of Generation | |
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| Type of Use | |
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| Life Extension | |
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| Synchronous Generators | |
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| Resource Procurement | |
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| Fuel Measurements | |
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| Fuel Transportation | |
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| Fuel Used | |
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| Fuel Purchasing | |
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| Emission Rights | |
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| Technology of the Electric Transmission System | |
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| Components | |
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| HVAC | |
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| Overhead | |
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| Ratings | |
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| Cable | |
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| Submarine Cables | |
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| Substations | |
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| Substation Equipment | |
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| Substation Breaker Arrangements | |
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| Transmission System Aging | |
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| HVDC | |
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| Advantages of HVDC | |
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| Disadvantages of HVDC | |
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| Knowledge Required of Transmission System | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Primary Feeders | |
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| Radial Systems | |
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| Loop Systems | |
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| Primary Network Systems | |
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| Distribution Transformers | |
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| Secondary Systems | |
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| Distribution Capacity | |
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| Losses | |
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| Ratings | |
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| Metering | |
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| Control of Voltage | |
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| Capacitors | |
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| Voltage Regulators | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Quality of Service | |
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| Design of Distribution Systems | |
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| Distributed Generation | |
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| Operation of Distribution Systems | |
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| Functioning of the Electric Bulk Power System | |
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| Coordination | |
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| Operation | |
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| Control Areas | |
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| Operating Reserves | |
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| Ancillary Services | |
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| Emergencies | |
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| Operating Emergencies | |
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| Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow | |
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| Power Transfer Limits | |
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| Determination of Total Transfer Capability | |
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| Reduction of Power Transfers--Congestion Management | |
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| Planning | |
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| Planning Standards | |
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| Generation Planning | |
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| Least Cost Planning | |
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| Transmission Planning | |
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| Load-Flow Studies | |
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| Stability Studies | |
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| Short-Circuit Duty Studies | |
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| New Planning Environment | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Costs of Power Outages | |
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| Ways to Measure Reliability | |
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| Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate Power System | |
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| Transmission Security and Security Coordinators | |
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| Paying for Extra Reliability | |
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| Compliance | |
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| Generation | |
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| Transmission | |
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| Transmission System Problems | |
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| Planning and Operating Standards | |
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| Voltage and Reactive Control | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Restructuring, Competition and Deregulation | |
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| Causes of Restructuring | |
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| Types of Restructuring | |
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| Effects of Restructuring | |
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| Six Networks | |
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| Changing Customer Requirements | |
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| Legislation and Regulation--The Regulatory Network | |
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| Pricing and Regulation | |
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| Federal Legislation | |
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| Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 | |
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| Federal Power Act | |
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| Other Federal Laws | |
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| Environmental Laws | |
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| Department of Energy Organization Act | |
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| PURPA | |
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| Energy Policy Act ("EPACT") of 1992 | |
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| PUHCA Modifications | |
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| FPA Modifications | |
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| Federal Regulatory Agencies | |
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| FERC | |
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| SEC | |
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| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | |
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| Department of Energy (DOE) | |
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| Federal Legislation Under Consideration | |
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| State Regulatory Authority | |
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| Recent Federal Regulation Impacting the Electric Industry | |
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| Orders 888 and 889 | |
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| Order 2000 | |
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| Tariff Basis | |
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| Transmission Rights | |
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| Physical Transmission Rights | |
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| Financial Transmission Rights | |
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| Average System versus Incremental Costs | |
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| State Regulation | |
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| Customer Choice | |
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| Metering | |
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| Distribution Rates | |
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| State and Local Environmental Requirements | |
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| Overall Regulatory Problems | |
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| The Business Network | |
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| Investment and Cost Recovery | |
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| Changing Industry Structure | |
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| Utility Responses | |
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| Holding Company Formation | |
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| Unbundling | |
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| New Structure | |
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| Power Producers | |
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| Power Plant Divestitures | |
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| Transmitters | |
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| Development of Non-Regulated Power Market | |
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| Distributors | |
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| Marketers | |
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| Wheeling and Customer Choice | |
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| Contracts and Agreements | |
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| ISOs, RTOs and ITPs | |
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| ISO Formation | |
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| Functions of ISOs | |
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| Regional Operating Functions | |
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| Regional Planning Functions | |
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| RTOs | |
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| The Money Network | |
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| Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits | |
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| Average Costs Versus Incremental Costs | |
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| Market Versus Operational Control | |
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| Market Power Issues | |
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| Price Caps | |
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| Standard Market Design (SMD) | |
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| Objectives and Goals | |
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| Proposals | |
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| Transmission Owner's Options | |
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| Independent Transmission Providers (ITPs) | |
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| Transmission Charges | |
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| Wholesale Electric Market Design | |
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| Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) | |
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| Resource Adequacy | |
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| Transmission Tariffs | |
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| Merchant Transmission | |
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| Markets for Buying and Selling Rights | |
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| Information, Communications and Control Network | |
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| Financial and Business Operations | |
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| System Operations | |
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| Distribution Operations | |
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| Physical Security | |
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| Commercial Security | |
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| Role of NERC, NAESB and Other Organizations | |
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| NERC, Reliability Councils, and RTOs | |
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| NAESB | |
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| Enforcement and Dispute Resolution | |
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| Professional Organizations | |
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| IEEE | |
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| CIGRE | |
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| Industry Associations | |
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| NARUC | |
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| AEIC | |
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| APPA | |
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| EEI | |
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| ELCON | |
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| NRECA | |
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| Electric Power Supply Association | |
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| Research Organizations | |
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| EPRI | |
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| Other Research | |
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| NRRI | |
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| Where Restructuring Stands | |
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| Required Additional Analyses | |
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| Abandonment of Deregulation | |
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| Power Supply | |
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| 2002 | |
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| The Future | |
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| Energy Trading | |
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| Reliability Concerns | |
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| Transmission Problems | |
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| National Power Survey | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Authors | |