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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Symbols and Notations | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Use of Foundations | |
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Kinds of Foundations and their Uses | |
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Spread Footings and Mats | |
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Deep Foundations | |
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Hybrid Foundations | |
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Concepts in Design | |
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Visit the Site | |
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Obtain Information on Geology at Site | |
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Obtain Information on Magnitude and Nature of Loads on Foundation | |
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Obtain Information on Properties of Soil at Site | |
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Consider Long-Term Effects | |
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Pay Attention to Analysis | |
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Provide Recommendations for Tests of Deep Foundations | |
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Observe the Behavior of the Foundation of a Completed Structure | |
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Problems | |
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Engineering Geology | |
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Introduction | |
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Nature of Soil Affected by Geologic Processes | |
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Nature of Transported Soil | |
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Weathering and Residual Soil | |
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Nature of Soil Affected by Volcanic Processes | |
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Nature of Glaciated Soil | |
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Karst Geology | |
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Available Data on Regions in the United States | |
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U.S. Geological Survey and State Agencies | |
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Examples of the Application of Engineering Geology | |
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Site Visit | |
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Problems | |
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Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics | |
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Introduction | |
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Data Needed for the Design of Foundations | |
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Soil and Rock Classification | |
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Position of the Water Table | |
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Shear Strength and Density | |
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Deformability Characteristics | |
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Prediction of Changes in Conditions and the Environment | |
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Nature of Soil | |
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Grain-Size Distribution | |
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Types of Soil and Rock | |
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Mineralogy of Common Geologic Materials | |
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Water Content and Void Ratio | |
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Saturation of Soil | |
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Weight-Volume Relationships | |
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Atterberg Limits and the Unified Soils Classification System | |
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Concept of Effective Stress | |
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Laboratory Tests for Consolidation of Soils | |
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Spring and Piston Model of Consolidation | |
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Determination of Initial Total Stresses | |
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Calculation of Total and Effective Stresses | |
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The Role of Effective Stress in Soil Mechanics | |
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Analysis of Consolidation and Settlement | |
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Time Rates of Settlement | |
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One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing | |
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The Consolidation Curve | |
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Calculation of Total Settlement | |
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Calculation of Settlement Due to Consolidation | |
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Reconstruction of the Field Consolidation Curve | |
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Effects of Sample Disturbance on Consolidation Properties | |
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Correlation of Consolidation Indices with Index Tests | |
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Comments on Accuracy of Settlement Computations | |
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Shear Strength of Soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Friction Between Two Surfaces in Contact | |
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Direct Shear Testing | |
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Triaxial Shear Testing | |
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Drained Triaxial Tests on Sand | |
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Triaxial Shear Testing of Saturated Clays | |
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The SHANSEP Method | |
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Other Types of Shear Testing for Soils | |
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Selection of the Appropriate Testing Method | |
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Problems | |
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Investigation of Subsurface Conditions | |
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Introduction | |
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Methods of Advancing Borings | |
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Wash-Boring Technique | |
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Continuous-Flight Auger with Hollow Core | |
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Methods of Sampling | |
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Introduction | |
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Sampling with Thin-Walled Tubes | |
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Sampling with Thick-Walled Tubes | |
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Sampling Rock | |
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In Situ Testing of Soil | |
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Cone Penetrometer and Piezometer-Cone Penetrometer | |
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Vane Shear Device | |
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Pressuremeter | |
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Boring Report | |
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Subsurface Investigations for Offshore Structures | |
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Problems | |
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Principal Types of Foundations | |
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Shallow Foundations | |
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Deep Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Driven Piles with Impact Hammer | |
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Drilled Shafts | |
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Augercast Piles | |
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GeoJet Piles | |
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Micropiles | |
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Caissons | |
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Hybrid Foundation | |
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Problems | |
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Designing Stable Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Total and Differential Settlement | |
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Allowable Settlement of Structures | |
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Tolerance of Buildings to Settlement | |
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Exceptional Case of Settlement | |
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Problems in Proving Settlement | |
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Soil Investigations Appropriate to Design | |
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Planning | |
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Favorable Profiles | |
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Soils with Special Characteristics | |
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Calcareous Soil | |
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Use of Valid Analytical Methods | |
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Oil Tank in Norway | |
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Transcona Elevator in Canada | |
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Bearing Piles in China | |
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Foundations at Unstable Slopes | |
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Pendleton Levee | |
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Fort Peck Dam | |
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Effects of Installation on the Quality of Deep Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Effects of Installation of Deep Foundations on Nearby Structures | |
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Driving Piles | |
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Effects of Excavations on Nearby Structures | |
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Deleterious Effects of the Environment on Foundations | |
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Scour of Soil at Foundations | |
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Problems | |
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Theories of Bearing Capacity and Settlement | |
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Introduction | |
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Terzaghi's Equations for Bearing Capacity | |
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Revised Equations for Bearing Capacity | |
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Extended Formulas for Bearing Capacity by J. Brinch Hansen | |
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Eccentricity | |
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Load Inclination Factors | |
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Base and Ground Inclination | |
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Shape Factors | |
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Depth Effect | |
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Depth Factors | |
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General Formulas | |
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Passive Earth Pressure | |
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Soil Parameters | |
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Example Computations | |
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Equations for Computing Consolidation Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Clays | |
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Introduction | |
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Prediction of Total Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table | |
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Prediction of Time Rate of Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table | |
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Problems | |
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Principles for the Design of Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Standards of Professional Conduct | |
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Fundamental Principles | |
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Fundamental Canons | |
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Design Team | |
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Codes and Standards | |
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Details of the Project | |
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Factor of Safety | |
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Selection of a Global Factor of Safety | |
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Selection of Partial Factors of Safety | |
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Design Process | |
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Specifications and Inspection of the Project | |
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Observation of the Completed Structure | |
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Problems | |
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Appendix 8.1 | |
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Geotechnical Design of Shallow Foundations | |
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Introduction | |
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Problems with Subsidence | |
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Designs to Accommodate Construction | |
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Dewatering During Construction | |
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Dealing with Nearby Structures | |
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Shallow Foundations on Sand | |
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Introduction | |
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Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand | |
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Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand | |
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Design of Rafts on Sand | |
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Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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Settlement from Consolidation | |
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Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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Design of Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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Design of Rafts | |
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Shallow Foundations Subjected to Vibratory Loading | |
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Designs in Special Circumstances | |
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Freezing Weather | |
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Design of Shallow Foundations on Collapsible Soil | |
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Design of Shallow Foundations on Expansive Clay | |
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Design of Shallow Foundations on Layered Soil | |
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Analysis of a Response of a Strip Footing by Finite Element Method | |
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Problems | |
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Geotechnical Design of Driven Piles Under Axial Loads | |
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Comment on the Nature of the Problem | |
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Methods of Computation | |
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Behavior of Axially Loaded Piles | |
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Geotechnical Capacity of Axially Loaded Piles | |
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Basic Equation for Computing the Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity of a Single Pile | |
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API Methods | |
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Revised Lambda Method | |
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U.S. Army Corps Method | |
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FHWA Method | |
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Analyzing the Load-Settlement Relationship of an Axially Loaded Pile | |
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Methods of Analysis | |
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Interpretation of Load-Settlement Curves | |
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Investigation of Results Based on the Proposed Computation Method | |
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Example Problems | |
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Skin Friction | |
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Analysis of Pile Driving | |
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Introduction | |
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Dynamic Formulas | |
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Reasons for the Problems with Dynamic Formulas | |
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Dynamic Analysis by the Wave Equation | |
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Effects of Pile Driving | |
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Effects of Time After Pile Driving with No Load | |
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Problems | |
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Geotechnical Design of Drilled Shafts Under Axial Loading | |
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Introduction | |
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Presentation of the FHWA Design Procedure | |
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Introduction | |
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Strength and Serviceability Requirements | |
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General Requirements | |
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Stability Analysis | |
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Strength Requirements | |
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Design Criteria | |
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Applicability and Deviations | |
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Loading Conditions | |
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Allowable Stresses | |
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General Computations for Axial Capacity of Individual Drilled Shafts | |
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Design Equations for Axial Capacity in Compression and in Uplift | |
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Description of Soil and Rock for Axial Capacity Computations | |
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Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils | |
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Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils | |
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Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Intermediate Geomaterials and Jointed Rock | |
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Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Intermediate Geomaterials | |
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Design for Axial Capacity in Massive Rock | |
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Addition of Side Resistance and End Bearing in Rock | |
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Commentary on Design for Axial Capacity in Karst | |
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Comparison of Results from Theory and Experiment | |
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Problems | |
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Fundamental Concepts Regarding Deep Foundations Under Lateral Loading | |
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Introduction | |
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Description of the Problem | |
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Occurrence of Piles Under Lateral Loading | |
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Historical Comment | |
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Derivation of the Differential Equation | |
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Solution of the Reduced Form of the Differential Equation | |
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Respone of Soil to Lateral Loading | |
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Effect of the Nature of Loading on the Response of Soil | |
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Method of Analysis for Introductory Solutions for a Single Pile | |
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Example Solution Using Nondimensional Charts for Analysis of a Single Pile | |
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Problems | |
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Analysis of Individual Deep Foundations Under Axial Loading Using t-z Model | |
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Short-Term Settlement and Uplift | |
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Settlement and Uplift Movements | |
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Basic Equations | |
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Finite Difference Equations | |
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Load-Transfer Curves | |
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Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil | |
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Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesive Soil | |
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Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil | |
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Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesionless Soil | |
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Load-Transfer Curves for Cohesionless Intermediated Geomaterials | |
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Example Problem | |
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Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Load-Transfer Versus Movement Curves | |
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Design for Vertical Ground Movements Due to Downdrag or Expansive Uplift | |
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Downward Movement Due to Downdrag | |
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Upward Movement Due to Expansive Uplift | |
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Problems | |
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Analysis and Design by Computer or Piles Subjected to Lateral Loading | |
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Nature of the Comprehensive Problem | |
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Differential Equation for a Comprehensive Solution | |
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Recommendations for p-y Curves for Soil and Rock | |
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Introduction | |
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Recommendations for p-y Curves for Clays | |
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Recommendations for p-y Curves for Sands | |
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Modifications to p-y Curves for Sloping Ground | |
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Modifications for Raked (Battered Piles) | |
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Recommendations for p-y Curves for Rock | |
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Solution of the Differential Equation by Computer | |
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Introduction | |
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Formulation of the Equation by Finite Differences | |
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Equations for Boundary Conditions for Useful Solutions | |
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Implementation of Computer Code | |
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Selection of the Length of the Increment | |
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Safe Penetration of Pile with No Axial Load | |
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Buckling of a Pipe Extending Above the Groundline | |
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Steel Pile Supporting a Retaining Wall | |
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Drilled Shaft Supporting an Overhead Structure | |
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Problems | |
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Analysis of Pile Groups | |
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Introduction | |
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Distribution of Load to Piles in a Group: The Two-Dimensional Problem | |
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Model of the Problem | |
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Detailed Step-by-Step Solution Procedure | |
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Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles | |
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Example Solution Showing Distribution of a Load to Piles in a Two-Dimensional Group | |
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Solution by Hand Computations | |
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Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Lateral Loading | |
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Modifying Lateral Resistance of Closely Spaced Piles | |
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Customary Methods of Adjusting Lateral Resistance for Close Spacing | |
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Adjusting for Close Spacing under Lateral Loading by Modified p-y Curves | |
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Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Axial Loading | |
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Introduction | |
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Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesionless Soils | |
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Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesive Soils | |
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Concluding Comments | |
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Problems | |
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Appendix | |
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References | |
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Index | |