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| Safety First, Last, and Always | |
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| Accidents Will Not Happen | |
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| Disposing of Waste | |
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| Mixed Waste | |
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| Keeping a Notebook | |
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| A Technique Experiment | |
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| Notebook Notes | |
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| A Synthesis Experiment | |
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| Notebook Notes | |
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| The Acid Test | |
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| Interpreting a Handbook | |
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| CRC Handbook | |
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| Entry: 1-Bromobutane | |
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| Entry: Benzoic Acid | |
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| Lange's | |
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| Entry: 1-Bromobutane | |
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| Entry: Benzoic Acid | |
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| Merck Index | |
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| Entry: 1-Bromobutane | |
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| Entry: Benzoic Acid | |
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| The Aldrich Catalog | |
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| Entry: 1-Bromobutane | |
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| Entry: Benzoic Acid | |
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| Not Clear-Clear? | |
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| Info on the Internet | |
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| Jointware | |
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| Stoppers with Only One Number | |
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| Another Episode of Love of Laboratory | |
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| Hall of Blunders and Things Not Quite Right | |
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| Round-Bottom Flasks | |
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| Columns and Condensers | |
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| The Adapter with Lots of Names | |
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| Forgetting the Glass | |
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| Inserting Adapter Upside Down | |
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| Inserting Adapter Upside Down sans Glass | |
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| Greasing the Joints | |
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| To Grease or Not to Grease | |
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| Preparation of the Joints | |
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| Into the Grease Pit | |
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| Storing Stuff and Sticking Stoppers | |
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| Corking a Vessel | |
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| The Cork Press | |
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| The O-Ring and Cap Branch Out | |
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| Microscale Jointware | |
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| Microscale: A Few Words | |
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| Uh-Oh Rings | |
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| The O-Ring Cap Seal | |
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| Sizing Up the Situation | |
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| Why I Don't Really Know How Vacuum Tight These Seals Are | |
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| The Comical Vial (That's Conical!) | |
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| The Conical Vial as Vial | |
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| Packaging Oops | |
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| Tare to the Analytical Balance | |
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| The Electronic Analytical Balance | |
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| Heating These Vials | |
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| The Microscale Drying Tube | |
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| Gas Collection Apparatus | |
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| Generating the Gas | |
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| Isolating the Product | |
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| Other Interesting Equipment | |
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| Pipet Tips | |
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| Pre-preparing Pasteur Pipets | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Operation | |
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| Amelioration | |
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| Pipet Cutting | |
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| Pipet Filtering-Liquids | |
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| Pipet Filtering-Solids | |
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| Syringes, Needles, and Septa | |
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| The Rubber Septum | |
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| Clean and Dry | |
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| Drying Your Glassware When You Don't Need To | |
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| Drying Your Glassware When You Need To | |
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| Drying Agents | |
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| Typical Drying Agents | |
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| Using a Drying Agent | |
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| Following Directions and Losing Product Anyway | |
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| Drying Agents: Microscale | |
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| On Products | |
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| Solid Product Problems | |
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| Liquid Product Problems | |
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| The Sample Vial | |
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| Hold It! Don't Touch That Vial | |
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| The Melting Point Experiment | |
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| Sample Preparation | |
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| Loading the Melting Point Tube | |
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| Closing Off Melting Point Tubes | |
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| Melting Point Hints | |
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| The Mel-Temp Apparatus | |
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| Operation of the Mel-Temp Apparatus | |
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| The Fisher-Johns Apparatus | |
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| Operation of the Fisher-Johns Apparatus | |
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| The Thomas-Hoover Apparatus | |
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| Operation of the Thomas-Hoover Apparatus | |
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| Using the Thiele Tube | |
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| Cleaning the Tube | |
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| Getting the Sample Ready | |
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| Dunking the Melting Point Tube | |
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| Heating the Sample | |
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| Recrystallization | |
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| Finding a Good Solvent | |
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| General Guidelines for a Recrystallization | |
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| Gravity Filtration | |
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| The Buchner Funnel and Filter Flask | |
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| Just a Note | |
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| The Hirsch Funnel and Friends | |
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| Activated Charcoal | |
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| The Water Aspirator: A Vacuum Source | |
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| The Water Trap | |
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| Working with a Mixed-Solvent System--The Good Part | |
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| The Ethanol-Water System | |
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| A Mixed-Solvent System--The Bad Part | |
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| Salting Out | |
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| World Famous Fan-Folded Fluted Paper | |
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| Recrystallization: Microscale | |
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| Isolating the Crystals | |
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| Craig Tube Filtration | |
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| Centrifuging the Craig Tube | |
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| Getting the Crystals Out | |
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| Extraction and Washing | |
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| Never-Ever Land | |
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| Starting an Extraction | |
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| Dutch Uncle Advice | |
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| The Separatory Funnel | |
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| The Stopper | |
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| The Glass Stopcock | |
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| The Teflon Stopcock | |
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| The Stem | |
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| Washing and Extracting Various Things | |
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| How to Extract and Wash What | |
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| The Road to Recovery--Back-Extraction | |
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| A Sample Extraction | |
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| Performing an Extraction or Washing | |
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| Extraction Hints | |
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| Extraction and Washing: Microscale | |
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| Mixing | |
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| Separation: Removing the Bottom Layer | |
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| Separation: Removing the Top Layer | |
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| And Now--Boiling Stones | |
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| Sources of Heat | |
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| The Steam Bath | |
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| The Bunsen Burner | |
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| Burner Hints | |
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| The Heating Mantle | |
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| Proportional Heaters and Stepless Controllers | |
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| Clamps and Clamping | |
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| Clamping a Distillation Setup | |
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| Clipping a Distillation Setup | |
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| Distillation | |
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| Distillation Notes | |
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| Simple Distillation | |
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| Sources of Heat | |
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| The Three-Way Adapter | |
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| The Distilling Flask | |
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| The Thermometer Adapter | |
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| The Ubiquitous Clamp | |
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| The Thermometer | |
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| The Condenser | |
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| The Vacuum Adapter | |
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| The Receiving Flask | |
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| The Ice Bath | |
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| The Distillation Example | |
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| The Distillation Mistake | |
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| Vacuum Distillation | |
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| Pressure Measurement | |
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| Manometer Hints | |
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| Leaks | |
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| Pressure and Temperature Corrections | |
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| Vacuum Distillation Notes | |
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| Fractional Distillation | |
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| How This Works | |
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| Fractional Distillation Notes | |
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| Azeotropes | |
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| Steam Distillation | |
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| External Steam Distillation | |
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| Internal Steam Distillation | |
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| Steam Distillation Notes | |
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| Microscale Distillation | |
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| Like the Big Guy | |
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| Simple Distillation | |
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| Vacuum Distillation | |
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| Fractional Distillation | |
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| Steam Distillation | |
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| Microscale Distillation II: The Hickman Still | |
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| The Hickman Still Setup | |
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| Hickman Still Heating | |
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| Recovering Your Product | |
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| Reflux and Addition | |
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| Standard Reflux | |
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| A Dry Reflux | |
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| Addition and Reflux | |
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| Funnel Fun | |
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| How to Set Up | |
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| Reflux: Microscale | |
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| Addition and Reflux: Microscale | |
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| Sublimation | |
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| Microscale Boiling Point | |
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| Microscale BP | |
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| Ultramicroscale BP | |
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| Chromatography: Some Generalities | |
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| Adsorbents | |
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| Separation or Development | |
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| The Eluatropic Series | |
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| Thin-Layer Chromatography: TLC | |
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| Preparation of TLC Plates | |
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| Pre-prepared TLC Plates | |
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| The Plate Spotter | |
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| Spotting the Plates | |
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| Developing a Plate | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Interpretation | |
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| Multiple Spotting | |
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| Cospotting | |
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| Other TLC Problems | |
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| Preparative TLC | |
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| Wet-Column Chromatography | |
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| Preparing the Column | |
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| Compounds on the Column | |
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| Visualization and Collection | |
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| Wet-Column Chromatography: Microscale | |
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| Flash Chromatography | |
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| Microscale Flash Chromatography | |
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| Refractometry | |
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| The Abbe Refractometer | |
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| Using the Abbe Refractometer | |
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| Refractometry Hints | |
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| Instrumentation in the Lab | |
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| Gas Chromatography | |
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| The Mobile Phase: Gas | |
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| GC Sample Preparation | |
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| GC Sample Introduction | |
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| Sample in the Column | |
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| Sample at the Detector | |
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| Electronic Interlude | |
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| Sample on the Chart Recorder | |
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| Sample on the Computer Recorder | |
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| Parameters, Parameters | |
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| Gas Flow Rate | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Hp Liquid Chromatography | |
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| The Mobile Phase: Liquid | |
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| A Bubble Trap | |
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| The Pump | |
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| The Pulse Dampener | |
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| HPLC Sample Preparation | |
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| HPLC Sample Introduction | |
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| Sample in the Column | |
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| Sample at the Detector | |
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| Sample on the Chart Recorder | |
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| Sample on the Computer Recorder | |
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| Parameters, Parameters | |
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| Eluent Flow Rate | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Eluent Composition | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Infrared Sample Preparation | |
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| Liquid Samples | |
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| Solid Samples | |
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| The Nujol Mull | |
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| Solid KBr Methods | |
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| Preparing the Solid Solution | |
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| Pressing a KBr Disk--The Minipress | |
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| Pressing a KBr Disk--The Hydraulic Press | |
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| Running the Spectrum | |
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| The Perkin-Elmer 710B IR | |
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| Using the Perkin-Elmer 710B | |
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| The 100% Control: An Important Aside | |
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| Calibration of the Spectrum | |
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| IR Spectra: The Finishing Touches | |
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| Interpreting IRs | |
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| The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) | |
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| The Optical System | |
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| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | |
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| Liquid Sample Preparation | |
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| Solid Samples | |
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| Protonless Solvents | |
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| Deuterated Solvents | |
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| FT-NMR Sample Preparation | |
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| Some NMR Interpretation | |
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| The Zero Point | |
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| The Chemical Shift | |
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| Some Anisotropy | |
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| Spin-Spin Splitting | |
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| Integration | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Theory of Distillation | |
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| Simple Distillation | |
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| Clausius and Clapeyron | |
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| Fractional Distillation | |
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| A Hint from Dalton | |
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| Dalton and Raoult | |
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| A Little Algebra | |
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| Clausius and Clapeyron Meet Dalton and Raoult | |
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| Dalton Again | |
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| What Does It All Mean? | |
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| Changing Composition | |
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| Nonequilibrium Conditions | |
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| Azeotropes | |
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| Minimum-Boiling Azeotropes | |
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| Maximum-Boiling Azeotropes | |
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| Azeotropes on Purpose | |
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| Other Deviations | |
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| Steam Distillation | |
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| Theory of Extraction | |
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| Index | |