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| Preface: Call for Participation in an Exploration | |
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| Organization of the Book | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Basic Building Blocks of Geographic Information | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Beginning the Exploration | |
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| Behind a Black Door | |
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| The Weekly Meeting | |
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| The Surrounding Causes | |
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| Source of the Model | |
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| Linking the Pieces | |
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| Extracting Lessons | |
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| Further Explorations: La Selva Project | |
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| Convergence of Many Technologies | |
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| Defining a Geographic Information System | |
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| Reference Systems for Measurement | |
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| How Information Works | |
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| Basic Components of Geographic Information | |
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| Reference Systems | |
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| Temporal Reference Systems | |
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| Spatial Reference Systems | |
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| Attribute Reference Systems | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Nominal | |
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| Ordinal | |
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| Interval | |
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| Ratio | |
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| Extensive and Derived Scales | |
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| What is Missing from Stevens | |
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| Absolute Scales | |
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| Cyclical Measures | |
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| Counts | |
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| Graded Membership in Categories | |
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| Applying Levels of Measurement to Attribute Reference Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| Measurement Frameworks | |
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| A Simple Measurement Framework | |
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| Control and Measurement | |
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| Attribute as Control | |
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| Isolated Object Frameworks | |
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| Spatial Object Framework | |
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| Isoline Framework | |
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| Connected Coverage Frameworks and Topological Relationships | |
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| Network Framework | |
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| Categorical Coverage Framework | |
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| Spatial Control | |
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| Point-based Frameworks | |
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| Center Point Framework | |
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| Systematic Unaligned Sample | |
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| Area-based Measurement Frameworks | |
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| Extreme Value | |
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| Total | |
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| Predominant Type | |
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| Presence/Absence and Percent Cover | |
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| Precedence of Types | |
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| Relationship Control | |
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| Measurement by Pair | |
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| Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) | |
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| Composite Frameworks | |
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| Scattered Point Samples | |
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| Associating Attributes--Indirect Measurement | |
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| Choropleth Framework | |
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| Temporal Frameworks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Representation | |
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| Primitives for Representation | |
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| Primitives for Attributes | |
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| Primitives for Time | |
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| Primitives for Space: Coordinates | |
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| Representation Models and Data Structures | |
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| Vector Model | |
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| Representing Isolated Objects | |
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| Representing Topological Relationships | |
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| Raster Model | |
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| Database Architecture | |
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| Conversion of Existing Documents (Digitizing) | |
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| Geocoding | |
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| Vector Tracing | |
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| Raster Scanners | |
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| Transforming Digitizer Measurements into Coordinates | |
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| Registration on Device | |
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| Transformations from Document to Projection | |
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| Reference to Geodetic Surveys | |
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| After Digitizing | |
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| Data Quality: Closing the Loop | |
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| Scale of Sources | |
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| Verification and Quality Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Transformations and Operations | |
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| Attribute-based Operations | |
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| Manipulating Attributes | |
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| Reducing the Information Content | |
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| Group | |
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| Isolate | |
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| Classify | |
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| Scale | |
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| Increasing the Information Content | |
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| Rank | |
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| Evaluate | |
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| Rescale | |
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| Combining Pairs of Input Values | |
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| Cross-tabulate | |
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| Sum and Difference | |
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| Rate and Density | |
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| Proportion | |
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| Performing Combinations | |
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| Interaction of Attribute and Spatial Components | |
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| Spatial Consequences of Aggregation and Isolation | |
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| Cartographic Generalization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Overlay: Integration of Disparate Sources | |
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| Development of Map Overlay | |
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| The Overlay Operation | |
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| Registration: A Universal Requirement | |
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| Raster Implementations of Overlay | |
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| Vector Implementations of Overlay | |
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| Geometric Intersection Processing | |
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| Attribute Handling Using Results of Overlay | |
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| Comparisons of Performance and Capabilities | |
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| Combining Attributes after Overlay | |
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| Enumeration Rules | |
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| Detecting Differences | |
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| Interpreting Differences | |
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| Dominance Rules | |
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| Exclusionary Screening | |
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| Exclusionary Ranking | |
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| Highest Bid/Highest Bidder | |
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| Contributory Rules | |
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| Voting Tabulation | |
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| Weighted Voting | |
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| Linear Combination | |
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| Weighting and Rating | |
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| Nonlinear Combinations | |
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| Interaction Rules | |
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| Contingent Weighting | |
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| Evaluating Interactions | |
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| Rules of Combination | |
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| Summary of Rules | |
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| Summary | |
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| Distance Relationships | |
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| Examples of Distance Specifications | |
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| Exclusionary Zones around Features: Buffers and Setbacks | |
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| Beyond Buffers and Setbacks | |
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| Distance Measurement | |
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| Distance Relationships | |
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| Constructing Buffers with Vector Data | |
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| Measuring Distance in a Raster | |
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| Comparison | |
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| Extended Voronoi Networks | |
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| Data Quality Aspects of Distance Relationships | |
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| Summary | |
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| Surfaces and Near Neighbors | |
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| Surfaces | |
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| Topology of Surfaces | |
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| Computing Relationships on a Surface | |
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| Slope from Triangles | |
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| Slope from Matrices | |
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| Neighborhood Operations: The Spatial Component | |
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| Neighborhood Construction | |
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| Raster Neighbors | |
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| Vector Neighbors | |
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| Edge Effects | |
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| Refinements of Neighborhoods | |
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| Combining Neighborhood Attributes | |
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| Nominal Attributes | |
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| Dominance Rules | |
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| Contributory Rules | |
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| Interaction Rules | |
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| Operations Based on Ranking Attributes | |
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| Continuous Attributes | |
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| Aspatial Treatment of Continuous Attributes in a Neighborhood | |
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| Continuous Attributes with Horizontal Measures | |
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| Data Quality Applications of Neighborhood Operations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Comprehensive Operations | |
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| Iterative Operations | |
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| Viewshed | |
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| Cost Accumulation | |
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| An Example of Cost Surface Construction: A Water Pipeline | |
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| Drainage Operations | |
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| Network Operations | |
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| Location-Allocation: A Family of Problems with a Common Approach | |
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| Statistical Modeling of Spatial Data | |
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| Transformations | |
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| Prior Approaches to Transformations | |
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| Transformations for Surfaces | |
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| Interpolation | |
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| Interpolation from Scattered Points | |
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| Interpolation from Isolines | |
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| Interpolation from a DEM | |
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| To and From Triangles | |
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| A Scheme for Transformations | |
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| Transformation by Extraction (Case 0) | |
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| Transformations Based on Attribute Assumptions (Case 1A) | |
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| Transformations Based on Geometric Processing Only (Case 1N) | |
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| Complete Transformations (Case 2) | |
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| Re-presenting Surface Transformations | |
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| Examples of Transformations | |
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| Case 1A: Classification of Remotely Sensed Imagery | |
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| Forest Mapping for the United States | |
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| Case 1N: Geometric Measures Converted to Attributes | |
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| Wetland Regulation and Wasteland Assessment in Westport, Wisconsin | |
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| Case 2: Areal Interpolation | |
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| Dasymetric Mapping of Population Density, Cape Cod | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Broader Arena | |
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| Evaluation and Implementation | |
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| Technical Evaluation | |
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| Data Quality Assessment | |
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| Measurement Frameworks and Accuracy | |
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| Strategy for Testing | |
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| Allocation of Resources | |
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| Computer Resources | |
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| Financial Resources | |
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| Human Resources | |
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| Implementing a GIS | |
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| Needs Assessment | |
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| Requirements Analysis | |
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| Database Design | |
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| Approaches to Geographic Measurement | |
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| Bidding Process | |
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| Construction | |
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| Serving Larger Goals | |
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| Social and Institutional Interactions | |
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| Historical Trends in Technological Change | |
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| Geography of Geographic Information | |
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| Geographic Information in the Bureaucracy | |
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| Institutional Continuity | |
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| Institutional Definitions of Time and History | |
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| Cooperation and Coordination | |
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| Information in Its Social Context | |
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| Equity | |
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| Access to Information | |
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| Balancing Competing Concerns | |
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| Information and Culture | |
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| Culture: Continuity and Change | |
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| The Practice of GIS | |
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| Summary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Sources and Credits | |
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| Index | |