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Preface | |
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The Fossil Record | |
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Changing Ideas about the Changing Earth | |
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Neptune vs. Vulcan | |
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A Brief Guide to Sedimentology | |
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Dating the Rocks | |
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The Succession of Faunas | |
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Radiation-Based Dating Techniques | |
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Other Dating Techniques | |
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Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth | |
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The Problem of Orogeny | |
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Continental Drift | |
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Life: The First Three Billion Years | |
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Multicellular Life | |
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The Cambrian Revolution | |
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Jaws, Fins, and Feet | |
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The Reptilian Revolutions | |
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The Two Great Extinctions | |
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The Mammals Take Over | |
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Analyzing Evolution | |
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Parsimony and Pigeons | |
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Darwin's Theory | |
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Problems with Darwinism | |
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The Concept of Species | |
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Evidence for Anagenesis and Cladogenesis | |
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The Tempo of Speciation | |
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Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms | |
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"Races" | |
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Species and Fossils | |
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Morphospecies | |
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Microevolution and Macroevolution | |
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The Politics of Macroevolution | |
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Reconstructing the Tree of Life | |
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Sources of Error in Phylogenetics | |
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Linnaean Classification | |
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Evolutionary Systematics | |
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Phenetics and Cladistics | |
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Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics | |
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People As Primates | |
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Early Mammals | |
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Allometry | |
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Allometry and Early Mammals | |
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Death and Molar Occlusion | |
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Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk | |
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Respiration and the Palate | |
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The Tribosphenic Molar | |
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Live Birth and Placentation | |
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Cretaceous Mammals | |
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The Order Primates | |
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The Living Strepsirrhines | |
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Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses | |
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Tarsiers | |
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Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids | |
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Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys | |
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Hominoids: The Living Apes | |
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Pongids and Hominids | |
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Bonobos and Chimpanzees | |
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Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth | |
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Primate Origins: The Crown Group | |
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Fossil Primates: The Stem Group | |
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The First Fossil Euprimates | |
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Eocene "Lemurs" and "Tarsiers" | |
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The First Anthropoids | |
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Anthropoid Radiations | |
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The Bipedal Ape | |
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Being Human vs. Becoming Human | |
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The Taung Child | |
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Australopithecus Grows Up | |
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Bipedal Posture and the Vertebral Column | |
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Bipedal Posture and the Pelvis | |
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Bipedal Locomotion: Knees | |
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Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint | |
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Bipedal Locomotion: Feet | |
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Australopithecus Stands Up | |
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The Skull of Australopithecus africanus. | |
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Australopithecus robustus | |
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Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? | |
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Postcranial Peculiarities | |
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Louis Leakey and East Africa | |
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Olduvai Gorge | |
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Sahelanthropus: The Oldest Hominin? | |
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Mio-Pliocene Enigmas: Orrorin and Ardipithecus. | |
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Australopithecus anamensis | |
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Australopithecus afarensis | |
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Lucy's Locomotion: The View from Stony Brook | |
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Lucy's Locomotion: The Rebuttal | |
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Lucy's Locomotion: Persistent Questions | |
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Australopithecus bahrelghazali? | |
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Australopithecus platyops? | |
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Australopithecus garhi | |
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Australopithecus aethiopicus | |
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Australopithecus boisei | |
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Fitting in South Africa: The Problem(s) of Sterkfontein | |
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Fitting in South Africa: Some robustus Questions | |
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The Phylogeny of Australopithecus | |
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What Did Australopithecus Eat? | |
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Australopithecus and the Ecosystem | |
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Two Species or Two Sexes? | |
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Hunting, Gathering, and Dimorphism | |
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Dinichism: A Possible Synthesis | |
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Explaining Hominin Origins | |
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Primitive Homo-Or "Advanced" Australopithecus? | |
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Dating and Geological Context of the Habilines from Olduvai, Omo, and Koobi Fora | |
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Habiline Skulls | |
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Habiline Teeth | |
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Habiline Postcranial Remains | |
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Advanced Australopithecus: The Frustrations of Variation | |
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Advanced Australopithecus: Back to South Africa | |
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Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo? Phylogenetic Issues | |
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The Migrating Ape: Homo erectus and Human Evolution | |
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The "Muddle in the Middle" | |
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A Brief History of Homo erectus: 1889-1950 | |
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Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia | |
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Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution | |
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Cranial Vault Morphology of Homo erectus | |
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Cranial Capacity and the Brain | |
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Faces and Mandibles of Asian Homo erectus | |
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The Erectine Dentition | |
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Erectine Postcranial Remains | |
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Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question | |
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Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology | |
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Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology | |
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Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence | |
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Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines | |
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Early Erectine Radiations in Africa | |
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Out of Africa I: The Erectine Radiation | |
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Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of "Meganthropus" | |
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Chinese Erectines | |
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Dmanisi-Humans at the Periphery of Europe | |
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The Initial Occupation of Europe | |
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Major Issues: A Summing Up | |
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Taxonomy | |
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Dates and Additional Evidence | |
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Evolutionary Patterns | |
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The Big-Brained Ape: Regional Variation and Evolutionary Trends in the Middle Pleistocene | |
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Of "Archaic Homo sapiens" and Homo heidelbergensis | |
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Early Models of Later Human Evolution | |
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The Recent African Origin Model | |
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The Multiregional Evolution Model | |
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European Heidelbergs | |
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Petralona | |
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Bilzingsleben | |
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Swanscombe | |
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Steinheim | |
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Mauer | |
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Boxgrove | |
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Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos | |
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Other European Heidelbergs | |
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African Heidelbergs | |
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Kabwe | |
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Bodo and Ndutu | |
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African Heidelberg Mandibles | |
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Other African Heidelbergs | |
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North Africans | |
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Asian Heidelbergs? | |
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Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh | |
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Other West Asian Candidates | |
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South Asia | |
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East Asia | |
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Australasia | |
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Ngandong | |
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Liang Bua | |
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Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces | |
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Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Continuity | |
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Talking Apes: The Neandertals | |
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Neandertals-Early Discoveries and Ideas (1829-1909 | |
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Ideas about Neandertals-From Boule to the 21st Century | |
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Neandertal Chronology and Distribution | |
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Neandertal Morphology-The Cranial Vault | |
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Frontal Bones | |
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Occipital Bones | |
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Temporal Bones | |
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Brains | |
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Neandertal Faces | |
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External Nose | |
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Prognathism | |
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Internal Nose | |
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Neandertal Mandibles | |
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Neandertal Dentition | |
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Body Size and Proportions | |
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Neck and Upper Limb | |
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Pelvis and Lower Limb | |
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Neandertal Life History | |
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Neandertal Genetics | |
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Neandertal Technology | |
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Diet and Subsistence Behavior | |
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Neandertals and Language | |
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Symbolic Behavior | |
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Early European Neandertals | |
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W�rm Neandertals from Western Europe | |
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Western and Central Asian Neandertals | |
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Late Neandertals | |
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Major Issues | |
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The Symbolic Ape: The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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A "Creative Explosion"? | |
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Modern Human Anatomy-The Skull | |
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Modern Human Anatomy-Cranial Capacity | |
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Modern Human Anatomy-The Postcranial Skeleton | |
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The Geochronology of Modern Human Origins | |
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The African Transition: Background and Dating | |
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The African Transition: Vault Morphology | |
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The African Transition: Facial Morphology | |
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The African Transition: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters | |
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East Asian Archaic Humans: Background and Context | |
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East Asian Archaic Sites and Specimens | |
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Jinniushan | |
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Maba | |
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Other Cranial Pieces | |
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Dentition | |
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East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? | |
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Early Modern Humans: The East African Record | |
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Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa | |
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The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence | |
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African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins | |
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Modern Human Origins in East Asia | |
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Modern Human Origins in Australasia | |
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Europe: The Last Frontier | |
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Recent Human Genetics and Modern Human Origins | |
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Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans | |
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Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Facts | |
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The Recent African Origin Model | |
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Alternative Views-Multiregional Evolution | |
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Alternative Views-The Assimilation Model | |
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Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans | |
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Appendix: Cranial Measurements | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |