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Preface | |
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Understanding the World | |
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You, the Discoverer | |
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Venturing into the Unknown | |
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Embarking on a Ph.D | |
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The Art of Discovery | |
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About this Book | |
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How to Use this Book | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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What is Science? | |
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Characteristics of the Scientific Approach | |
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The Inductive Method | |
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The Hypothetico-Deductive Method | |
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Consequences of Falsification | |
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The Role of Confirmation | |
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Perception is Personal | |
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The Scientific Community | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Science's Childhood | |
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Infancy | |
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Ionian Dawn | |
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Divine Mathematics | |
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Adolescence - Revolution! | |
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The Children of the Revolution | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Science Inclined to Experiment | |
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Galileo's Important Experiment | |
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Experiment or Hoax? | |
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Reconstructing the Experiment | |
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Getting the Swing of Things | |
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The Message from the Plane | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Scientists, Engineers and Other Poets | |
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Research and Development | |
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Characteristics of Research | |
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Building Theories | |
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The Relationship between Theory and Reality | |
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Creativity | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Interfering with the World | |
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Experiment! | |
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What is an Experiment? | |
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Questions, Answers and Experiments | |
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A Gallery of Experiments | |
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Reflections on the Exhibition | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Basic Statistics | |
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The Role of Statistics in Data Analysis | |
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Populations and Samples | |
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Descriptive Statistics | |
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Probability Distribution | |
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The Central Limit Effect | |
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Normal Probability Plots | |
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Confidence Intervals | |
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The t-Distribution | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Statistics for Experiments | |
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A Teatime Experiment | |
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The Importance of Randomization | |
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One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests | |
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The t-Test for One Sample | |
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The Power of a Test | |
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Comparing Two Samples | |
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | |
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A Measurement System Analysis | |
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Other Useful Hypothesis Tests | |
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Interpreting p-Values | |
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Correlation | |
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Regression Modeling | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Experimental Design | |
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Statistics and the Scientific Method | |
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Designs with One Categorical Factor | |
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Several Categorical Factors: the Full Factorial Design | |
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Are Interactions Important? | |
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Factor Screening: Fractional Factorial Designs | |
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Determining the Confounding Pattern | |
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Design Resolution | |
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Working with Screening Designs | |
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Continuous Factors: Regression and Response Surface Methods | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Phase I: Planning | |
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The Three Phases of Research | |
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Experiment 1: Visual Orientation in a Beetle | |
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Experiment 2: Lift-Off Length in a Diesel Engine | |
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Finding Out What is Not Known | |
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Determining the Scope | |
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Tools for Generating Hypotheses | |
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Thought Experiments | |
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Planning Checklist | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Phase II: Data Collection | |
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Generating Understanding from Data | |
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Measurement Uncertainty | |
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Developing a Measurement System | |
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Measurement System Analysis | |
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The Data Collection Plan | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Phase III: Analysis and Synthesis | |
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Turning Data into Information | |
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Graphical Analysis | |
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Mathematical Analysis | |
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Writing a Scientific Paper | |
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Writing a Ph.D. Thesis | |
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Farewell | |
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Summary | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Appendix | |
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Standard Normal Probabilities | |
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Probability Points for the f-Distribution | |
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Index | |