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We need energy | |
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Generalities | |
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Primary and secondary energy | |
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Energy units | |
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Power | |
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Energy and first law of thermodynamics | |
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Entropy and second law of thermodynamics | |
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Exergy | |
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Going back to the past | |
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Man and energy | |
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Always More! | |
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Why do we need more energy? | |
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The energy sources we use | |
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Security of supply | |
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Environmental concerns | |
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Oil and Natural Gas | |
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Genesis of oil and natural gas | |
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Recovering oil and gas | |
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Peak oil | |
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Reserves | |
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Crude oil reserves | |
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Natural gas reserves | |
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Properties of hydrocarbons | |
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Oil fields | |
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Prices | |
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Consumption | |
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Electricity generation | |
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Impact on the environment | |
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Unconventional oil and gas resources | |
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Oil shale | |
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Tar sands | |
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Coal bed methane | |
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Methane hydrates | |
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Conclusion | |
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Coal | |
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Genesis of coal | |
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Rank of coals | |
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Classification of coals | |
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Peat | |
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Use of coal | |
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Coal Reserves | |
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Production and consumption | |
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Electricity production | |
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Coal combustion for power generation | |
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Advanced pulverized coal combustion | |
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Fluidized bed combustion at atmospheric pressure | |
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Pressurized fluidized bed combustion | |
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Combined heat and power generation | |
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Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants | |
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Coal to liquid technologies | |
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Direct coal liquefaction | |
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Indirect coal liquefaction | |
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Direct or indirect CTL technology? | |
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Carbon capture and sequestration | |
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Capture | |
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Transport | |
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Sequestration | |
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Cost | |
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Coal pit accidents | |
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Environmental impacts | |
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Conclusion | |
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Fossil Fuels and the Greenhouse Effect | |
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The Greenhouse effect | |
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The Greenhouse Gases | |
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Weather and climate | |
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Natural change of the climate | |
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Anthropogenic emissions | |
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Water and aerosols | |
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Global warming potentials | |
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An increase of the average temperature | |
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Model predictions | |
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Energy and greenhouse gas emissions | |
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Consequences | |
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Other impacts on the ocean | |
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Factor 4 | |
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The Kyoto Protocol | |
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Conclusion | |
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Energy from water | |
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Hydropower | |
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Hydropower: an important source of electricity | |
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Dams, diversions | |
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Head and flow | |
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Turbines | |
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Small-scale hydropower | |
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Environmental concerns | |
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Costs | |
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Energy from the ocean | |
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Offshore wind energy | |
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Wave energy | |
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Tidal energy | |
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Marine Current energy | |
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Ocean thermal energy conversion | |
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Osmotic energy | |
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Biomass | |
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Producing biomass | |
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An old energy resource | |
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Electricity production | |
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Technologies | |
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Direct-combustion technologies | |
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Co-firing technologies | |
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Biomass gasification | |
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Anaerobic digestion | |
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Pyrolysis | |
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Heat production | |
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Biomass for cooking | |
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Environmental impact | |
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Market Share | |
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Biofuels | |
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Biofuels, an old story | |
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First generation biofuels | |
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Biofuels for gasoline engines | |
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Biofuels for diesel engines | |
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Second generation biofuels | |
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Third generation biofuels | |
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From Well to wheels | |
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Conclusion | |
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Solar energy | |
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Solar energy: a huge potential | |
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Thermal solar energy | |
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Producing hot water for domestic purposes | |
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Heating, cooling and ventilation using solar energy | |
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The solar cooker | |
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Concentrated solar power plants | |
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Parabolic troughs | |
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Power towers | |
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Parabolic dish collector | |
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Solar chimneys or towers | |
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Photovoltaic systems | |
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A market dominated by silicon | |
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Other photovoltaic technologies | |
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Applications | |
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Electricity storage | |
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Economy and environment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Geothermal energy | |
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Available in many places | |
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Different uses | |
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Technologies | |
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Geothermal energy in the world | |
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Conclusion | |
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Wind energy | |
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Already a long history | |
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From theory to practice | |
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Development of wind power | |
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Off-shore wind turbines | |
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Conclusions | |
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Nuclear energy | |
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Basics Of Nuclear Energy | |
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Atoms and nuclei | |
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Radioactivity | |
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Energy and mass | |
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Fission | |
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Fissile and fertile | |
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Chain reaction | |
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Critical Mass | |
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Nuclear Reactors | |
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Natural Nuclear Reactors- Oklo | |
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Conclusion | |
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Use Of Nuclear Energy | |
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Different technologies | |
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The selection process | |
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Why nuclear energy? | |
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Uranium resources | |
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Fuel cycles | |
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Front end fuel cycle | |
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Back end fuel cycle | |
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Safety | |
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Nuclear waste | |
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Conclusion | |
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Thermonuclear Fusion | |
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Nuclei, concentrated sources of energy | |
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The Sun | |
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Fusion of light nuclei | |
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Difficulties | |
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A bit of history | |
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Thermonuclear fusion in Tokamaks | |
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ITER: a new step towards mastering fusion | |
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About Fuel Reserves | |
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Longer term possibilities | |
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Safety and waste issues | |
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Conclusion | |
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Appendix | |
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Electricity | |
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A rapid development | |
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Energy sources for electricity production | |
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No unique solution | |
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From mechanical energy to the consumer | |
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Impact on the environment | |
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Cost | |
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Conclusion | |
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Energy storage | |
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Electricity Storage | |
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Characteristics of electricity storage | |
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Large quantity storage technologies | |
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Pumped hydroelectric storage | |
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Compressed air energy storage | |
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Thermal energy storage of electricity | |
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Electrochemical batteries | |
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Primary batteries | |
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Metal-air batteries | |
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Rechargeable batteries | |
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Lead batteries | |
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NiCd batteries | |
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The NIMH battery | |
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Li-ion batteries | |
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Flow batteries | |
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Sodium-sulphur battery | |
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Conclusion | |
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Supercapacitors | |
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Flywheels | |
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Thermal Energy Storage | |
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Basic heat storage | |
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Sensible heat storage | |
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Phase change materials | |
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Thermochemical and thermophysical energy storage | |
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Applications of thermal energy storage | |
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Underground energy storage | |
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Conclusion | |
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Transportation | |
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A short history of transportation | |
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Road transportation | |
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Energy and transportation | |
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Road Transportation | |
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Ship transportation | |
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Air transport | |
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Car dynamics | |
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Fuels for road transportation | |
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CO2 Emissions | |
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Hybrid vehicles | |
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Electric vehicles | |
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Conclusion | |
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Housing | |
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Importance of housing | |
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Towards more efficient housing | |
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Different regions, different solutions | |
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Bioclimatic architecture | |
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Insulation | |
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Glazing | |
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Lighting | |
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Ventilation | |
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Water | |
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Energy use in a household | |
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Heat pumps | |
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Impact on the environment | |
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Conclusion | |
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Smart energy consumption | |
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Housing | |
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Improving the way we consume energy | |
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Cogeneration | |
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Standby consumption | |
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Lighting | |
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Transportation | |
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Technology | |
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Individuals | |
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Conclusion | |
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Hydrogen | |
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From Production To Distribution | |
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Properties | |
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Production | |
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Vaporeforming | |
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Partial oxidation | |
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Autothermal reforming | |
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Coal gasification | |
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Producing hydrogen in situ | |
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Electrolysis of water | |
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Thermochemical cycles | |
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From biomass | |
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Using enzymes | |
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Photolysis | |
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Storage | |
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Storage of compressed hydrogen gas | |
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Storage of liquid hydrogen | |
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Storage in metal hydrides | |
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Carbon nanotubes | |
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Other possibilities | |
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Hydrogen transport and distribution | |
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Transports | |
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Distribution | |
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Conclusion | |
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Hydrogen: Energetic Applications | |
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Fundamentals of fuel cells | |
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Different fuel cells | |
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Alkaline fuel cell (AFC | |
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Proton electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC | |
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Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC | |
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Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC | |
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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC | |
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Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC | |
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Open issues | |
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Transportation | |
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Hydrogen and fuel cells | |
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Ship and submarines | |
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SOFC and transportation | |
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Direct use of hydrogen | |
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Road transport | |
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Planes | |
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Ships | |
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Combined heat and power | |
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Hydrogen and portable devices | |
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Hydrogen safety | |
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Conclusion | |
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Conclusion | |
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Exercises | |
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Bibliography | |