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| Introduction to small-format aerial photography | |
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| Overview | |
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| Brief history | |
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| 19th century | |
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| 20th century | |
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| Photography and imagery | |
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| Conventional aerial photography | |
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| Small-format aerial photography | |
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| Summary | |
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| Basic principles of SFAP | |
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| Remote sensing | |
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| Ideal remote sensing | |
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| Actual SFAP | |
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| Common aspects of SFAP | |
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| Image vantage | |
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| Photographic scale and resolution | |
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| Relief displacement | |
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| Stereoscopic images | |
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| Photographic storage | |
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| Summary | |
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| Photogrammetry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geometry of single photographs | |
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| Vertical photography | |
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| Tilted photography | |
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| Interior orientation | |
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| Exterior orientation | |
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| Geometry of stereophotographs | |
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| Principle of stereoscopic viewing | |
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| Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage | |
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| 3D measurements from stereomodels | |
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| Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment | |
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| Quantitative analysis of photographs | |
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| Measuring and mapping from single photographs | |
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| Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels | |
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| Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels | |
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| Summary | |
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| Lighting and atmospheric conditions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Multiview-angle effects | |
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| Bidirectional reflectance distribution function | |
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| Multispectral effects | |
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| Latitude and seasonal conditions | |
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| Clouds | |
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| Shadows | |
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| Summary | |
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| Photographic composition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic elements of photographic composition | |
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| Oblique and vertical views | |
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| Linear features | |
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| Image depth | |
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| Pattern and texture | |
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| Color | |
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| Combining compositional elements | |
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| Photographs vs. human vision | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cameras for SFAP | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Film camera basics | |
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| Digital camera basics | |
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| Types of digital cameras | |
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| Image sensors | |
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| Image file formats | |
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| Camera geometry and light | |
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| Focal length | |
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| Lens aperture | |
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| Shutter speed | |
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| Film speed or ISO rating | |
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| Camera exposure settings | |
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| Image degradation | |
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| Color-infrared photography | |
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| Camera capabilities for SFAP | |
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| Camera lens | |
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| Image sensor | |
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| File format | |
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| Camera type | |
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| Camera calibration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Camera mounting systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Camera operation | |
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| Detachable mounts | |
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| Single-camera suspended rigs | |
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| Multiple-camera suspended rigs | |
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| Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform | |
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| Detactable modular unit mounts | |
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| Fixed mounts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Platforms for SFAP | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Manned light-sport aircraft | |
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| Powered light-sport aircraft | |
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| Unpowered light-sport aircraft | |
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| Lighter-than-air platforms | |
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| Lifting gases | |
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| Helium blimp | |
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| Hot-air blimp | |
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| Kite aerial photography | |
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| Kites for SFAP | |
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| Kite-flying equipment | |
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| Ground operations | |
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| Drones for SFAP | |
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| Basic model airplane | |
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| Autopiloted model airplane | |
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| Powered paraglider | |
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| Pros and cons of different platforms | |
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| Summary | |
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| SFAP survey planning and implementation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Travel and equipment logistics | |
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| Site accessibility and characteristics | |
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| Local site accessibility | |
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| Flight obstacles | |
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| Local wind conditions | |
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| High-altitude SFAP | |
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| Ground Control | |
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| GCP installation | |
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| GCP coordinate measurement | |
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| Flight planning considerations | |
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| Image scale and resolution | |
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| Stereoscopic and large-area coverage | |
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| Flight planning example | |
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| Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image | |
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| Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution | |
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| Consequences for aerial survey design | |
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| Ideal flightline calculation | |
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| Flight planning for oblique SFAP | |
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| Legal issues | |
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| German regulations | |
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| Regulations in the U.S. and other countries | |
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| Insurance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Image interpretation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Image interpretability | |
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| SFAP interpretation | |
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| Water and drainage | |
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| Geomorphology | |
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| Vegetation and agriculture | |
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| Cultural heritage and archaeology | |
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| Soils | |
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| Summary | |
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| Image processing and analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Geometric correction and georeferencing | |
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| Reference coordinate systems | |
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| Image rectification | |
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| Image mosaics | |
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| Image enhancement | |
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| Correcting lens-dependent aberrations | |
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| Contrast enhancement | |
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| Image filtering | |
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| Image transformation | |
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| Image ratios and vegetation indices | |
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| Principal components analysis and color-space transformations | |
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| Image classification | |
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| Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis | |
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| Creating simple on-screen stereoviews | |
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| Using printouts under a stereoscope | |
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| Digital stereoviewing | |
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| Stereoscopic measuring and mapping | |
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| DEM generation | |
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| Software for SFAP analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Glacial geomorphology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Glacial erosion | |
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| Glacial deposition | |
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| Glacial deformation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Gully erosion monitoring | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Study sites and survey | |
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| Gully mapping and change analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Wetland environments | |
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| Overview | |
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| Raised bogs, Estonia | |
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| Endla Nature Reserve | |
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| Nigula Nature Reserve | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas | |
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| Cheyenne Bottoms | |
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| Dry Lake | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Biocontrol of salt cedar | |
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| Salt cedar problem | |
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| USBR study site | |
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| Analysis of KAP results | |
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| Summary | |
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| Vegetation and erosion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites | |
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| Influence of grazing on vegetation cover | |
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| Combating desertification and soil degradation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Soil mapping and soil degradation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Soils and long-term human land use | |
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| Summary | |
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| Architecture and property management | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri | |
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| Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas | |
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| Summary | |
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| Golf course management | |
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| Overview | |
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| Garden City, Kansas | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |