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Preface | |
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Introduction to the analysis and design of excavations | |
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Geological investigation and soil tests | |
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Conditions of the adjacent properties | |
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Confirmation of the conditions of an excavation site | |
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Designing criteria | |
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Collecting case histories of the nearby excavations | |
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Auxiliary methods | |
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Excavation analyses | |
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Layout of the strutting system | |
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Monitoring system | |
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Protection of neighboring properties | |
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Basic properties and mechanical characteristics of soils | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic properties | |
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Specific gravity | |
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Unit weight and water content | |
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Atterberg limit | |
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Permeability | |
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Consolidation | |
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Concept of effective stresses | |
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Parameters of porewater pressure | |
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Failure of soils | |
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Mohr-Coulomb failure theory | |
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Some commonly used laboratory shear strength tests | |
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Triaxial test | |
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Direct shear test | |
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Direct simple shear test | |
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Stress paths | |
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Drained shear strength of soils | |
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Undrained shear strength of saturated cohesive soils | |
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Concepts of undrained shear strength | |
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Characteristics of undrained shear strength | |
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Methods to obtain undrained shear strength | |
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Triaxial UU test | |
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CU test | |
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Field vane shear test | |
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Cone penetration test | |
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Other methods and empirical formulas | |
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Relationship between shear strength, volume change, and porewater pressure | |
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Undrained shear strength of unsaturated cohesive soils | |
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Soil properties at the TNEC site | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Excavation methods and lateral supporting systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Excavation methods | |
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Full open cut methods | |
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Braced excavation methods | |
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Anchored excavation methods | |
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Island excavation methods | |
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Top-down construction methods | |
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Zoned excavation methods | |
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Retaining walls | |
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Soldier piles | |
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Sheet piles | |
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Column piles | |
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Diaphragm walls | |
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Strutting systems | |
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Selection of the retaining strut system | |
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Case history of the TNEC excavation | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Lateral earth pressure | |
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Introduction | |
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Lateral earth pressure at rest | |
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Rankine's earth pressure theory | |
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Coulomb's earth pressure theory | |
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General discussion of various earth pressure theories | |
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Displacement and earth pressure | |
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Comparisons of Rankine's and Coulomb's earth pressure theories | |
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Reliability of earth pressure theories and other solutions | |
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Earth pressure for design | |
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Cohesive soils | |
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Cohesionless soils | |
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Alternated layers | |
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Sloping ground | |
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Surcharge | |
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Seepage | |
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Earthquakes | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Stability analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of factors of safety | |
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Overall shear failure | |
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Free earth support method and fixed earth support method | |
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Overall shear failure of strutted walls | |
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Push-in | |
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Basal heave | |
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Bearing capacity method | |
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Negative bearing capacity method | |
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Slip circle method | |
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Comparisons of the various analysis methods for basal heave failure | |
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Applicability to sandy soils | |
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Case study of overall shear failure | |
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Overall shear failure of cantilever walls | |
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Upheaval | |
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Sand boiling | |
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Mechanism and factors of safety | |
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Case study | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Stress and deformation analysis: simplified method | |
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Introduction | |
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Analysis of settlement induced by the construction of diaphragm walls | |
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Characteristics of wall movement induced by excavation | |
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Safety factors of stability | |
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Excavation width | |
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Excavation depth | |
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Wall penetration depth | |
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Wall stiffness | |
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Strut stiffness | |
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Strut spacing | |
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Strut preload | |
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Characteristics of ground movement induced by excavation | |
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Shapes and types of ground surface settlement | |
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Influence zones of settlement | |
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Locations of the maximum settlement | |
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Magnitude of the maximum settlement | |
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Relationships between ground surface settlements and soil movements | |
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Characteristics of excavation bottom movement induced by excavation | |
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Time dependent movement | |
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Analysis of wall deformations induced by excavation | |
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Analysis of ground surface settlements induced by excavation | |
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Peck's method | |
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Bowles's method | |
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Clough and O'Rourke's method | |
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Ou and Hsieh's method | |
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Comparison of the various analysis methods | |
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Three-dimensional excavation behavior | |
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Stress analysis | |
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Struts-the apparent earth pressure method | |
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Cantilevered walls-the simplified gross pressure method | |
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Strutted walls-the assumed support method | |
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Distribution of lateral earth pressure | |
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Location of the assumed support | |
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Computation procedure | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Stress and deformation analysis: beam on elastic foundation method | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic principles | |
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Formulation | |
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Distribution of lateral earth pressures | |
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Estimation of coefficient of subgrade reaction | |
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Estimation of structural parameters | |
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Analysis methods for excavations | |
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Direct analysis and back analysis | |
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Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis | |
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Computation of ground surface settlement | |
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Limitations of the beam on elastic foundation method | |
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Application of computer programs | |
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Confirmation of the type of stress used in computer programs | |
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Application of the computer program coded on the sole basis of the effective stress | |
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Application of the computer program coded on the double basis of effective and total stresses | |
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Confirmation of the type of earth pressure theory built into computer programs | |
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Verification through case histories | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Stress and deformation analysis: finite element method | |
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Introduction | |
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Basic principles | |
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Plane strain elements | |
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Bar elements | |
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Beam elements | |
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Interface elements | |
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Stress-strain relationship and constitutive laws of soils | |
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Elastic incremental model-the hyperbolic model | |
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Linear elastic elastoplastic model | |
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Cam-clay model and other high order models | |
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Stress-strain relationship of structural materials and structural models | |
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Determination of initial stresses | |
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Direct input method | |
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Gravity generation method | |
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Modeling of an excavation process | |
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Mesh generation | |
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Shape of the element | |
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Density of mesh | |
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Boundary conditions | |
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Excavation analysis method | |
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Direct analysis and back analysis | |
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Total stress analysis and effective stress analysis | |
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Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis | |
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Coupled analysis | |
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Plane strain analysis and three-dimensional analysis | |
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Determination of soil parameters | |
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Parameters for elastic deformation | |
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Parameters for the hyperbolic model | |
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Parameters for the linear elastic elastoplastic model | |
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Parameters for the Cam-clay model and other high order models | |
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Determination of structural parameters | |
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Discussion of accuracy of analysis results | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Dewatering of excavations | |
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Introduction | |
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Goals of dewatering | |
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Methods of dewatering | |
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Open sumps or ditches | |
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Deep wells | |
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Well points | |
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Well theory | |
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Confined aquifers | |
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Full penetration wells | |
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Partial penetration well | |
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Free aquifers | |
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Full penetration well | |
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Partial penetration well | |
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Group wells | |
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Pumping tests | |
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Step drawdown tests | |
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Constant rate tests | |
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Confined aquifers | |
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Free aquifers | |
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Dewatering plan for an excavation | |
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Selection of dewatering methods | |
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Determination of hydraulic parameters | |
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Determination of the capacity of wells | |
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Estimation of the number of wells | |
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Computation of the influence range of drawdown | |
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Dewatering and ground settlement | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Design of retaining structural components | |
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Introduction | |
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Design methods and factors of safety | |
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Retaining walls | |
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Soldier piles | |
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Sheet piles | |
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Column piles | |
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Diaphragm walls | |
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Vertical main reinforcement | |
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Horizontal main reinforcement | |
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Shear reinforcement | |
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Lap splice length and development length | |
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Structural components in braced excavations | |
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Strut systems | |
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Horizontal struts | |
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Stress computation | |
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Allowable stress | |
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Examination of combined stresses | |
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End braces and corner braces | |
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Wales | |
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Center posts | |
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Vertical bearing capacity | |
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Pullout resistance | |
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Structural components in anchored excavations | |
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Anchor systems | |
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Components of anchors | |
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Analysis of anchor load | |
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Arrangement of anchors | |
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Design of anchor heads, anchor stands, and wales | |
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Design of the free section | |
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Design of the fixed section | |
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Friction type of anchor | |
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Underreamed anchors | |
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Preloading | |
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Design of retaining walls | |
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Tests of anchors | |
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Proving test | |
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Suitability test | |
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Acceptance test | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Excavation and protection of adjacent buildings | |
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Introduction | |
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Allowable settlement of buildings | |
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Allowable settlement under the building weight | |
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Excavation-induced allowable settlement | |
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Introduction to soil improvement methods | |
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Chemical grouting method | |
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Jet grouting method | |
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Deep mixing method | |
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Compaction grouting method | |
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Building protection using the characteristics of excavation-induced deformation | |
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Reduce the unsupported length of the retaining wall | |
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Decrease the influence of creep | |
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Take advantage of corner effect | |
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Take advantage of the characteristics of ground settlement | |
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Building protection by increasing stiffness of the retaining-strut system | |
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Building protection by utilizing auxiliary methods | |
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Ground improvement | |
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Counterfort walls | |
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Cross walls | |
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Micro piles | |
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Underpinning | |
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Construction defects and remedial measures | |
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Leakage through the retaining wall | |
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Dewatering during excavation | |
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Construction of the retaining wall | |
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Pulling out the used piles | |
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Over-excavation | |
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Building rectification methods | |
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Compaction grouting | |
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Chemical grouting | |
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Underpinning | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Monitoring systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Elements of a monitoring system | |
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Principles of strain gauges | |
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Wire resistant type of strain gauges | |
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Vibrating type of strain gauges | |
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Measurement of movement and tilt | |
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Lateral deformation of retaining walls and soils | |
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Tilt of buildings | |
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Ground settlement and building settlement | |
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Heave of excavation bottoms | |
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Measurement of stress and force | |
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Strut load | |
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Stress of the retaining wall | |
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Earth pressure on the retaining wall | |
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Measurement of water pressure and groundwater level | |
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Water pressure | |
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Groundwater level | |
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Other measurement objects | |
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Plan of monitoring systems | |
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Application of monitoring systems | |
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Summary and general comments | |
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Conversion factors | |
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Length | |
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Area | |
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Volume or section modulus | |
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Moment of inertia | |
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Mass | |
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Density | |
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Force or weight | |
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Stress or pressure | |
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Unit weight | |
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Indices of the case histories: TNEC and buildings P, Q, R, and S | |
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TNEC | |
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Building P | |
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Building Q | |
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Building R | |
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Building S | |
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Commonly used steel sections or piles | |
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H-steel (or W-section) | |
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I-section | |
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U-section sheet piles | |
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Z-section sheet piles | |
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Line-section sheet piles | |
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Rail piles | |
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Definition of plane strain | |
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Answers to selected problems | |
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References | |
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Index | |