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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Philosophy and its history | |
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| Why study philosophy? | |
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| Is philosophy difficult? | |
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| The limits of what philosophy can do | |
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| How to use this book | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Internet resources | |
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| God | |
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| The Design Argument | |
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| Criticisms of the Design Argument | |
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| Fine Tuning | |
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| Criticism of Fine Tuning | |
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| The First Cause Argument | |
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| Critisms of the First Cause Argument | |
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| The Ontological Argument | |
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| Criticisms of the Ontological Argument | |
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| Knowledge, proof and the existence of God | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| Attempted solutions to the Problem of Evil | |
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| The Free Will Defence | |
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| Criticisms of the Free Will Defence | |
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| The argument from miracles | |
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| Hume on miracles | |
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| The Gambler's Argument: Pascal's Wager | |
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| Criticisms of the Gambler's Argument | |
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| Non-realism about God | |
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| Criticisms of non-realism about God | |
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| Faith | |
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| Death | |
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| Criticism of Epicurus | |
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| Would immortality be tedious? | |
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| Criticism of the tedium of immortality | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Right and wrong | |
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| Duty-based theories | |
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| Christian ethics | |
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| Criticisms of Christian ethics | |
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| Kantian ethics | |
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| Criticisms of Kantian ethics | |
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| Consequentialism | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Criticisms of utilitarianism | |
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| Negative utilitarianism | |
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| Criticism of negative utilitarianism | |
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| Rule utilitarianism | |
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| Virtue theory | |
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| Criticisms of virtue theory | |
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| Applied ethics | |
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| Ethics and meta-ethics | |
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| Naturalism | |
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| Criticisms of naturalism | |
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| Moral relativism | |
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| Criticisms of moral relativism | |
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| Emotivism | |
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| Criticisms of emotivism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Politics | |
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| Equality | |
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| Equal distribution of money | |
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| Criticisms of equal distribution of money | |
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| Equal opportunity in employment | |
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| Reverse discrimination | |
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| Criticisms of reverse discrimination | |
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| Political equality: democracy | |
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| Direct democracy | |
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| Representative democracy | |
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| Criticisms of democracy | |
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| Freedom | |
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| Negative freedom | |
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| Criticisms of negative freedom | |
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| Positive freedom | |
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| Freedom of speech | |
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| Criticisms of Mill on free speech | |
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| Removing freedom: punishment | |
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| Punishment as retribution | |
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| Criticisms of retributivism | |
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| Deterrence | |
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| Criticisms of deterrence | |
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| Protection of society | |
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| Criticisms of protection of society | |
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| Reform | |
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| Criticisms of reform | |
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| Civil disobedience | |
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| Criticisms of civil disobedience | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The external world | |
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| Common-sense realism | |
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| Scepticism about the evidence of the senses | |
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| The Illusion Argument | |
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| Criticisms of the Illusion Argument | |
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| Could I be dreaming? | |
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| Hallucination | |
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| Memory and logic | |
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| I think therefore I am | |
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| Criticism of the Cogito | |
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| Representative realism | |
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| Criticisms of representative realism | |
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| Idealism | |
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| Criticisms of idealism | |
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| Phenomenalism | |
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| Criticisms of phenomenalism | |
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| Causal realism | |
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| Criticisms of causal realism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Science | |
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| The simple view of scientific method | |
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| Criticisms of the simple view | |
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| The Problem of Induction | |
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| Attempted solutions to the Problem of Induction | |
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| Falsificationism: conjecture and refutation | |
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| Criticisms of falsificationism | |
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| Scientism | |
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| Criticism of scientism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Mind | |
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| Philosophy of mind and psychology | |
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| The Mind/Body Problem | |
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| Zombies | |
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| Dualism | |
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| Criticisms of dualism | |
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| Dualism without interaction | |
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| Physicalism | |
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| Type-identity theory | |
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| Criticisms of type-identity theory | |
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| Token-identity theory | |
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| Criticisms of token-identity theory | |
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| Behaviourism | |
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| Criticisms of behaviourism | |
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| Functionalism | |
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| Criticism of functionalism | |
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| Other Minds | |
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| The argument from analogy | |
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| Criticisms of the argument from analogy | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Art | |
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| Can art be defined? | |
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| The family resemblance view | |
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| Criticisms of the family resemblance view | |
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| The significant form theory | |
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| Criticisms of the significant form theory | |
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| The idealist theory | |
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| Criticisms of the idealist theory | |
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| The institutional theory | |
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| Criticisms of the institutional theory | |
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| Art criticism | |
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| Anti-intentionalism | |
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| Criticisms of anti-intentionalism | |
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| Performance, interpretation, authenticity | |
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| Historical authenticity in performance | |
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| Criticisms of historical authenticity in performance | |
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| Forgeries and artistic value | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Index | |