| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The language and its dialects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cultural, literary and linguistic background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dialects II. Alphabet, pronunciation and stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alphabet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consonants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voiced and unvoiced | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soft and hard | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consonantal assimilations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consonantal contractions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fleeting a | |
| |
| |
| |
| Change of ? /l to ?/o | |
| |
| |
| |
| J changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effects of e/e and ?/i on k/k, ?/g and ?/h | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Vowels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Length and stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vowel mutations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word stress and tone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shift of stress | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence stress III. Parts of speech | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infinitives - classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infinitive & present tense stems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Type 1 conjugation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Type ii conjugation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Type iii conjugation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of verbs and aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imperfective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perfective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transitive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intransitive | |
| |
| |
| |
| Present tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Past tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aorist tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future ii (future exact) | |
| |
| |
| |
| The conditional | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation of interrogative | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formation of negative | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imperative | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflexive verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impersonal verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auxiliary verbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Present perfect of ????/biti | |
| |
| |
| |
| ???/i?i and its derivatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modal verbs (need to, should, ought to) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cases of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nominative case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genitive case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dative case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accusative case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocative case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumental case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Locative case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declensions of nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Masculine & neuter nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feminine nouns and masculine nouns ending in -a/a and the noun ????/mati | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feminine nouns ending in consonant or -o/o, -oct/ost, -a?/ad, and the noun k??/k?i | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declension of irregular nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declension of personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stressed personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unstressed personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order of unstressed personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflexive pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Possessive pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Demonstrative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interrogative pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Universal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compounded pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classification of adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indefinite adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Definite adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Possessive adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjectival declension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparative adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Superlative adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verbal adjectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substantival adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjectival adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pronominal adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verbal adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepositions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple prepositions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compound prepositions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accentuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prepositions through the cases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coordinating conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subordinating conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differences in usages of ???/ to and ????/koji | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enclitics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Order and importance of enclitics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cardinal numbers and their declension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ordinal numbers and their declension | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fractions and decimal numbers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collective numerals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiplicates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approximatives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distributives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Weights and measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Age | |
| |
| |
| |
| Days, months and dates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of quantifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Countable quantifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uncountable quantifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Countable and unaccountable quantifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Possessive determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Demonstrative determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interrogative determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negative determiners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Particles, conjunctions and exclamations IV.Sentence elements and structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| A sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements of a sentence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of clauses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sentence structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Word order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complex sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyrillic cursive | |
| |
| |
| Formation of the genitive | |
| |
| |
| Declensions of nouns: 1st declension. 2nd declension. 3rd declension | |
| |
| |
| References | |