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| About the authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| General principles of toxicology | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Definition and purpose of toxicology | |
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| Scope and subdisciplines | |
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| Early developments | |
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| Recent developments | |
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| Some challenges and successes | |
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| Toxicity vs. other considerations | |
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| Future prospects | |
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| References | |
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| U.S. laws that have a basis in toxicology | |
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| Examples of outbreaks of mass poisoning | |
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| Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Distribution | |
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| Excretion | |
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| Levels of toxicants in the body | |
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| References | |
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| Biotransformation of toxicants | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Phase I (degradation) reactions | |
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| Phase II (conjugation) reactions | |
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| Bioactivation | |
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| Complex nature of biotransformation | |
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| References | |
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| Examples of bioactivation | |
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| Toxic effects | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Spectrum of toxic effects | |
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| Target organs | |
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| Mechanisms of action | |
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| Molecular targets: chemical nature | |
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| Receptors | |
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| References | |
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| Modifying factors of toxic effects | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Host factors | |
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| Environmental factors | |
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| Chemical interaction | |
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| References | |
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| Mechanisms underlying certain modifying factors | |
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| Strain-related differences in drug-induced responses | |
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| Testing procedures for conventional and nontarget organ toxicities | |
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| Conventional toxicity studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Acute toxicity studies | |
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| Short-term and long-term toxicity studies | |
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| Good laboratory practice | |
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| References | |
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| Additional reading | |
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| General observations, clinical laboratory tests, and pathology examinations that may be used in short- and long-term toxicity studies | |
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| Carcinogenesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mode of action | |
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| Categories of carcinogens | |
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| Some human carcinogens/target organs | |
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| Tests for carcinogenicity | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Additional reading | |
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| Probable carcinogenic chemicals | |
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| Biomarkers of carcinogenesis/human cancers | |
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| Mutagenesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gene mutation | |
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| Chromosomal effects | |
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| DNA repair and recombination | |
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| Other tests | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Developmental toxicology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Teratogens (developmental toxicants) and their effects | |
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| Mode of action | |
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| Teratogens of special interest | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation of teratogenic effects | |
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| References | |
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| Teratogens in animal models | |
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| Lactation | |
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| General remarks | |
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| Benefits of breast-feeding | |
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| Toxicants | |
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| References | |
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| Target organs and systems | |
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| Toxicology of the immune system | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Components of the system | |
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| Immunotoxicants | |
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| Immunotoxicities: testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Additional reading | |
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| Respiratory system: inhalation toxicology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxicants and their effects | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Site of action and pulmonary disease produced by selected occupationally inhaled toxicants | |
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| Mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke | |
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| Toxicology of the liver | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Types of liver injury | |
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| Hepatotoxicants | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Examples of hepatotoxic agents and associated liver injury | |
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| Toxicology of the kidney | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nephrotoxicants: mechanism and site of action | |
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| Testing procedure | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Additional reading | |
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| Toxicology of the skin | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Types of toxic effects and dermatotoxicants | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| In vitro tests | |
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| References | |
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| Primary irritation | |
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| Toxicology of the eye | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Toxicants and site of their effects | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Cataractogenic chemicals | |
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| Grading of eye irritation | |
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| Toxicology of the nervous system | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Neurotoxic effects and neurotoxicants | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| Behavioral studies: testing procedures | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Select neurotoxicants described in text | |
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| Reproductive and cardiovascular systems | |
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| Reproductive system | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxicants and their effects | |
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| Routine testing: multigeneration reproduction studies | |
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| Other tests | |
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| Cardiovascular system | |
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| General considerations | |
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| Toxic effects on the heart | |
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| Toxic effects on blood vessels | |
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| Testing procedures | |
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| References | |
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| Toxic substances and risk assessment | |
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| Food additives and contaminants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxicological testing and evaluation | |
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| Additives of toxicological concern | |
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| Indirect additives and contaminants | |
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| Contaminants | |
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| References | |
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| Major functional groups of direct food additives | |
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| Toxicity of pesticides | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Categories of pesticides | |
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| Toxicological properties | |
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| Testing, evaluation, and control | |
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| Gulf War Syndrome | |
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| References | |
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| Toxicological findings and evaluation on certain insecticides | |
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| Toxicity of metals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Certain common features | |
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| Common toxic effects | |
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| Metals of major toxicological concern | |
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| Risk/benefit considerations | |
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| References | |
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| Over-the-counter preparations | |
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| General remarks | |
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| Prevalence in society | |
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| Adverse consequences | |
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| References | |
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| Environmental pollutants | |
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| General remarks | |
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| Air pollutants | |
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| Water and soil pollutants | |
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| References | |
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| Occupational toxicology | |
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| General remarks | |
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| Exposure limits | |
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| Occupational toxicants | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| References | |
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| Acute pesticide toxicity, general signs and symptoms in humans | |
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| Toxicologic evaluation: assessment of safety/risk | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Major approaches | |
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| Acceptable daily intake (ADI/RfD)/safety assessment | |
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| Mathematical models/risk assessment | |
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| Other procedures | |
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| International activities in toxicological evaluation | |
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| References | |
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| Chemical index | |
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| Subject index | |