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Figures | |
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Tables | |
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List of Abbreviations | |
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Introduction | |
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The international economy, 1820-1913 | |
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The causes of the growth of the international economy in the nineteenth century | |
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Technological progress: industry and agriculture | |
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Technical progress: transport and communications | |
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The accumulation of capital | |
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The growth of world population | |
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The supply of natural resources | |
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The growth of real incomes | |
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The spread of economic freedom | |
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The growth of international trade | |
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International long-term capital movements, 1820-1913 | |
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The growth of foreign investment | |
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Direction of foreign investment | |
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Determinants of capital outflow | |
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The use of foreign funds in borrowing countries | |
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Economic consequences of foreign investment | |
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International migration, 1820-1913 | |
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European migration, 1821-1913 | |
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Migration and its causes | |
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Aids to mass emigration | |
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Economic consequences of migration | |
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Intracontinental migration | |
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Asiatic migration and tropical development | |
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Commercial policy in the nineteenth century | |
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Britain adopts free trade | |
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The spread of free trade | |
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The economic consequences of free trade | |
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The return to protection | |
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The economic consequences of protection | |
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Foreign trade in the nineteenth century | |
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The growth of world trade before 1913 | |
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The direction of world trade before 1913 | |
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The composition of world trade before 1913 | |
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Conclusions | |
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The growth of a multilateral payments network | |
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Introduction | |
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Development of the system | |
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Foreign investment and the multilateral settlements network | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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The growth of an international monetary system: the gold standard before 1913 | |
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Bimetallic and monometallic standards | |
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Britain adopts the gold standard | |
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International monetary standards up to 1870 | |
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The spread of the gold standard | |
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The role of sterling as an international currency and the importance of the London capital market | |
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The working of the gold standard | |
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Divergence between classical theory and empirical evidence | |
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Other features of the adjustment mechanism | |
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Conclusions | |
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International aspects of economic growth in the nineteenth century: the spread of industrialization | |
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Introduction | |
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The spread of industrialization | |
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The contribution of the international economy | |
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Causes of the limited spread of industrialization | |
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Conclusions | |
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International aspects of economic growth in the nineteenth century: the export economies | |
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Introduction | |
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Regions of recent settlement | |
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The export economies | |
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Economic imperialism and colonialism | |
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Trends and fluctuations in the international economy before 1913 | |
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The international transmission of business cycles | |
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Long swings and the international economy | |
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Long-run trends in the terms of trade | |
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Phases of growth | |
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The interwar years | |
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The international economy in the interwar years | |
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Primary production | |
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Population growth and migration | |
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Manufacturing production | |
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Growth of world incomes | |
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The intensification of protectionism | |
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The restoration of the gold standard and the economic recovery of the 1920s | |
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Postwar inflation and the restoration of the gold standard | |
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Weaknesses in the postwar gold standard: international investment | |
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Institutional weaknesses of the restored gold standard | |
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The economic boom of the late 1920s | |
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The collapse of the gold standard and the disintegration of the international economy | |
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Crisis in agriculture | |
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Financial crisis in Europe | |
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The end of the gold standard | |
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Growth of restrictions on finance and trade | |
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International financial co-operation | |
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Regional economic co-operation | |
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International commodity control schemes | |
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Conclusions | |
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International trade during the interwar period | |
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The growth of world trade in the interwar years | |
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The direction of world trade between the wars | |
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The changing composition of world trade | |
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Diminishing trade hypothesis | |
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The Great Depression: an overview | |
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The United States and the Great Depression | |
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Other factors in the Great Depression | |
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Long-run factors and the Great Depression | |
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The post-1945 international economy | |
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Planning the future international economy and the transitional period, 1944-50 | |
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The International Monetary Fund | |
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The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development | |
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | |
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Postwar reconstruction | |
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The international economy since 1950 | |
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Economic growth, an overview | |
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Population growth and migration | |
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International capital flows--private investment | |
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International capital flows: foreign aid and other resource flows to developing countries | |
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Technological change and world trade | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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International monetary relations, 1945-2000 | |
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The IMF: 1947-61 | |
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The IMF in the 1960s | |
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Uncertain years, 1971-6 | |
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The post-Jamaican period, 1976-2000 | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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The GATT, the World Trade Organization, and international commercial policy, 1947-2000 | |
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The early years, 1947-60 | |
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The GATT, the WTO and commercial policy, 1960-2000 | |
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Concluding remarks | |
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Trade and growth in the international economy, 1945-2000: the developed countries | |
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World Trade | |
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Economic growth in the advanced countries, 1950-2000 | |
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Trade and growth in the international economy, 1945-2000: the developing economies, the centrally-planned economies and countries in transition | |
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The developing economies | |
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The centrally-planned economies | |
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The countries in transition (CITs) | |
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A summary: 1820-2000 and ahead | |
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Index | |