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| Boxes | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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| Pondering the Big Questions | |
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| The Brain Story | |
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| The Twentieth Century | |
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| The Psychological Story | |
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| Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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| The Sudden Rise of Brain Imaging | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition | |
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| Cells of the Nervous System | |
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| The structure of neurons | |
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| The role of glial cells | |
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| Neuronal Signaling | |
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| Overview of neuronal communication | |
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| Properties of the neuronal membrane and the membrane potential | |
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| Electrical conduction in neurons | |
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| Transmembrane proteins: Ion channels and pumps | |
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| Synaptic Transmission | |
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| Chemical transmission | |
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| Electrical transmission | |
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| Neurotransmitters | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Gross and Functional Anatomy of Cognition | |
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| Neuroanatomy | |
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| Methods in neuroanatomy | |
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| Gross and Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System | |
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| Cerebral cortex | |
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| Limbic system, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and diencephalon | |
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| Brainstem | |
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| Cerebellum | |
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| Spinal cord | |
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| Autonomic nervous system | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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| What is Cognitive Psychology? | |
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| Mental representations and transformations | |
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| Characterizing mental operations | |
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| Constraints on information processing | |
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| Computer Modeling | |
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| Models are explicit | |
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| Representations in computer models | |
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| Models lead to testable predictions | |
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| Limitations with computer models | |
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| Experimental Techniques Used with Animals | |
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| Single-cell recording | |
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| Lesions | |
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| Genetic manipulations | |
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| Neurology | |
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| Structural imaging of neurological damage | |
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| Causes of neurological disorders | |
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| Functional neurosurgery | |
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| Converging Methods | |
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| Cognitive deficits following brain damage | |
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| Virtual lesions: Transcranial magnetic stimulation | |
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| Functional imaging | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Perception and Encoding | |
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| Disorders of Perception: A Case Study | |
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| Overview of Neural Pathways | |
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| The eye, retina, and receptors | |
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| From the eye to the central nervous system | |
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| Parallel Processing in the Visual System | |
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| Organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus | |
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| Multiple pathways in the visual cortex | |
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| Cortical Visual Areas | |
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| Cellular correlates of visual features | |
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| Imaging visual areas in humans | |
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| Analysis and representation of visual features | |
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| Deficits in Feature Perception | |
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| Deficits in color perception: Achromatopsia | |
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| Deficits in motion perception: Akinetopsia | |
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| Deficits in other aspects of visual perception | |
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| Independent or Convergent Pathways | |
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| Dissociations of Cortical and Subcortical Visual Pathways | |
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| Spatial orientation and object perception in the hamster | |
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| Blindsight: Evidence of residual visual function following cortical blindness | |
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| Functions of the retino-collicular pathway in humans | |
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| Auditory Perception | |
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| Overview of the auditory pathways | |
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| Computational goals in audition | |
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| Concurrent processing for sound localization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Higher Perceptual Functions | |
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| Agnosia: A Case Study | |
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| Two Cortical Pathways for Visual Perception | |
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| Representational differences between the dorsal and ventral pathways | |
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| Perception for identification versus perception for action | |
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| Computational Problems in Object Recognition | |
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| Variability in sensory information | |
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| View-dependent or view-invariant recognition? | |
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| Shape encoding | |
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| Grandmother cells and ensemble coding | |
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| Summary of computational issues | |
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| Failures of Object Recognition | |
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| Subtypes of agnosia | |
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| Integrating parts into wholes | |
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| Category specificity in agnosia | |
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| Computational account of category-specific deficits | |
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| Prosopagnosia | |
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| Are faces special? | |
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| Neural mechanisms for face perception | |
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| Dissociations of face and object perception | |
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| Two systems for object recognition | |
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| The Relationship Between Visual Perception, Imagery, and Memory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Selective Attention and Orienting | |
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| Theoretical Models of Attention | |
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| The cocktail party effect | |
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| Early- versus late-selection theories | |
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| Quantifying attention in perception | |
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| Neural Systems in Attention and Selective Perception | |
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| Neurophysiology of human attention | |
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| Animal studies of attentional mechanisms | |
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| Neurology and Neuropsychology of Attention | |
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| Extinction and neglect | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Learning and Memory | |
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| Theories of Memory | |
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| Sensory and short-term memory mechanisms | |
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| Models of short-term memory | |
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| Models of long-term memory | |
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| Summary of theories of memory | |
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| Memory and Brain | |
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| Human memory, brain damage, and amnesia | |
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| Summary of amnesia and long-term memory systems | |
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| Animal models of memory | |
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| Imaging the human brain and memory | |
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| Cellular Bases of Learning and Memory | |
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| Long-term potentiation and the hippocampus | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Language and the Brain | |
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| Theories of Language | |
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| The storage of words and concepts: The mental lexicon | |
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| Perceptual analyses of the linguistic input | |
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| The recognition of words | |
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| Integration of words in sentences | |
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| Speech production | |
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| Neuropsychology of Language and Language Disorders | |
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| Aphasia | |
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| Neurophysiology of Language | |
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| Functional neuroimaging of language | |
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| Electrophysiology of language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Cerebral Lateralization and Specialization | |
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| Dividing the Mind | |
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| Principles of Cerebral Organization | |
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| Anatomical correlates of hemispheric specialization | |
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| Microanatomical investigations of anatomical asymmetries | |
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| How the Two Hemispheres Communicate | |
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| Cortical disconnection | |
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| Functional consequences of the split-brain procedure | |
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| Specificity of callosal function | |
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| Hemispheric Specialization | |
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| Language and speech | |
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| Visuospatial processing | |
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| Attention and perception | |
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| Converging Evidence of Hemispheric Specialization | |
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| Functional asymmetries in patients with unilateral cortical lesions | |
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| Functional asymmetries in the normal brain | |
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| What Is Lateralized? | |
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| Asymmetries in perceptual representations | |
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| Asymmetries in representing spatial relations | |
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| Recent theoretical developments concerning hemispheric specialization | |
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| Variations in Hemispheric Specialization | |
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| The relation between handedness and left-hemisphere language dominance | |
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| Hemispheric specialization in nonhumans | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Control of Action | |
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| Motor Structures | |
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| Muscles, motor neurons, and the spinal cord | |
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| Subcortical motor structures | |
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| Cortical regions involved in motor control | |
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| The organization of motor areas | |
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| Computational Issues in Motor Control | |
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| Peripheral control of movement and the role of feedback | |
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| The representation of movement plans | |
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| Physiological Analysis of Motor Pathways | |
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| The neural representation of movement | |
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| Comparison of Motor Planning and Execution | |
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| Internal versus external guidance of movement | |
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| Shift in cortical control with learning | |
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| Functional Analysis of the Motor System and Movement Disorders | |
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| Cortical areas | |
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| Subcortical areas: The cerebellum and basal ganglia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes | |
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| Subdivisions of the Frontal Lobes | |
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| The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory | |
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| Distinguishing between stored knowledge and activated information | |
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| Working memory versus associative memory | |
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| The Prefrontal Cortex Participates in Other Memory Domains | |
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| The frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory | |
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| Source memory | |
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| Component Analysis of Prefrontal Cortex | |
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| Content-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function | |
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| Process-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function | |
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| The selection of task-relevant information | |
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| Goal-Oriented Behavior | |
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| Planning and selecting an action | |
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| The anterior cingulate as a monitoring system | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Emotion | |
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| Issues in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion | |
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| Defining emotion | |
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| Manipulating and measuring emotion | |
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| Emotion and cognition | |
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| Neural Systems in Emotional Processing | |
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| Early concepts: The limbic system | |
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| Orbitofrontal cortex | |
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| Amygdala | |
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| Laterality | |
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| Emotional communication | |
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| Affective style | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Evolutionary Perspectives | |
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| Evolution of the Brain | |
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| The historical underpinning of contemporary evolutionary neurobiology | |
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| Modern evolutionary neurobiology: Assumptions and aims | |
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| First Principles | |
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| Evolutionary mechanisms | |
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| The Comparative Approach | |
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| The scale of nature revisited | |
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| Adaptation and the Brain | |
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| Adaptations at multiple brain levels | |
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| Sexual selection and evolutionary pressures on behavior | |
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| Sexual abilities and spatial abilities | |
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| Evolution and physiology | |
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| Adaptive specializations and learning mechanisms | |
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| Evolutionary Insights into Human Brain Organization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Development and Plasticity | |
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| The Shaping of the Brain | |
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| Perceptual and Cognitive Development | |
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| A classic theory of cognitive development | |
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| Development of visual cognition--Object recognition | |
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| Development of the human attention system | |
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| Language acquisition during development | |
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| Summary of cognitive development | |
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| Development of the Nervous System | |
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| Overview of gross development | |
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| Genesis of the cerebral cortex | |
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| Birth of new neurons throughout life | |
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| Postnatal brain development | |
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| Summary of cortical development | |
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| Plasticity in the Nervous System | |
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| Plasticity in the normal adult brain | |
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| Reorganization in human cortex | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| The Problem of Consciousness | |
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| Philosophical Perspectives | |
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| Conscious Versus Unconscious Processing | |
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| The extent of subconscious processing | |
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| Gaining access to consciousness | |
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| Neurons, Neuronal Groups, and Conscious Experience | |
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| The Emergence of the Brain Interpreter in the Human Species | |
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| Is consciousness a uniquely human experience? | |
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| Left- and right-hemisphere consciousness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Thought Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Acknowledgments and Credits | |
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| Index | |