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| Preface | |
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| List of Illustrations and Figures | |
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| The Problem of Perception | |
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| Expanding Horizons | |
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| Culture and Nature | |
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| Science and Christian Tradition | |
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| The Nature of Science | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Science as a Social Activity | |
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| Science and Ideology | |
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| The Ancient and Medieval Worlds | |
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| Greece and Rome | |
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| Rival Cosmologies | |
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| Plato and Aristotle | |
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| Late Antiquity | |
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| The Medieval Period | |
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| Bestiaries and Herbals | |
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| The Revival of Scholarship | |
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| Renaissance and Revolution | |
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| Humanism and the Natural World | |
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| Secret Powers | |
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| The Riches of Nature | |
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| Animal, Vegetable and Mineral | |
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| The Great Instauration | |
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| Natural History and Revolution | |
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| The Mechanical Philosophy | |
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| Theories of the Earth | |
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| Science in an Age of Reason | |
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| Classification and Explanation | |
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| The Earth Described | |
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| The Origin of the Earth | |
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| The Meaning of Fossils | |
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| New Cosmogonies | |
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| Fire and Water | |
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| Neptunism | |
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| Plutonism | |
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| Nature and the Enlightenment | |
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| The Diversity of Life | |
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| The Classical Era | |
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| The Social Environment | |
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| The Argument from Design | |
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| The System of Nature | |
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| The Chain of Being | |
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| System and Method | |
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| Linnaeus | |
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| The Economy of Nature | |
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| Rural Harmony | |
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| Maintaining the Balance | |
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| The Geography of Life | |
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| The Possibilities of Change | |
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| Filling in the Gaps | |
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| Buffon | |
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| Materialism and the Origin of Life | |
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| Natural Progress | |
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| The Heroic Age | |
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| The Organization of Science | |
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| Europe Surveys the Earth | |
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| America Catches Up | |
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| A New Geography | |
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| Humboldt and the Cosmos | |
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| Humboldtian Science | |
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| The Geological Record | |
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| Fossils and Stratigraphy | |
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| The Ancient Rocks | |
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| Climate and Time | |
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| The Cooling Earth | |
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| Ice Ages | |
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| Mountains and Continents | |
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| The Shrinking Earth | |
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| Floating Continents | |
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| The Rate of Change | |
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| Catastrophist Geology | |
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| The Uniformity of Nature | |
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| The Age of the Earth | |
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| The Philosophical Naturalists | |
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| Knowledge and Power | |
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| Professionals and Amateurs | |
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| Science and Politics | |
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| The Pattern of Nature | |
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| Chains, Trees and Circles | |
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| Form and Function | |
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| The Geography of Plants | |
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| Botanical Provinces | |
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| Historical Biogeography | |
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| The History of Life | |
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| The Extinction of Species | |
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| Progressive Development | |
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| The Process of Change | |
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| Transmutation before Darwin | |
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| The Origins of Darwin's Theory | |
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| Natural Selection | |
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| The Age of Evolution | |
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| Exploit or Conserve? | |
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| Science and Empire | |
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| The Professionalization of Biology | |
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| Early Conservationism | |
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| The Darwinian Revolution | |
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| Interpretations of Darwinism | |
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| The Darwinians | |
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| Anti-Darwinism | |
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| The Tree of Life | |
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| Evolutionary Morphology | |
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| Fossils and Ancestors | |
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| Human Origins | |
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| Evolution and the Environment | |
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| Paths of Migration | |
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| Evolution and Adaptation | |
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| The Origins of Ecology | |
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| The New Biology | |
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| Plant Ecology | |
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| The Earth Sciences | |
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| Science in the Modern World | |
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| Expansion and Fragmentation | |
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| The Age of Big Science | |
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| The End of Exploration | |
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| A Global Physics | |
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| Weather Patterns | |
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| Ice Ages Again | |
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| Drifting Continents | |
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| Geology in Crisis | |
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| Wegener's Initiative | |
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| The Reaction to Wegener | |
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| Plate Tectonics | |
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| Paleomagnetism | |
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| Sea-Floor Spreading | |
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| Past and Present | |
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| Darwinism Triumphant | |
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| Science and Ideology | |
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| Images of Power | |
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| Nature and Culture | |
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| The Evolutionary Synthesis | |
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| Parallel Evolution | |
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| The Defence of Lamarckism | |
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| Population Genetics | |
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| The New Darwinism | |
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| The Implications of Darwinism | |
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| Animal Behaviour | |
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| Mind and Brain | |
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| Evolution and Ethology | |
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| Primate Studies | |
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| Sociobiology | |
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| Ecology and Environmentalism | |
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| Changing Values | |
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| Subduing the Wild | |
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| The Rise of Environmentalism | |
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| Ecology Comes of Age | |
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| Plant Ecology | |
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| Animal Ecology | |
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| Marine Ecology | |
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| Modern Ecology | |
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| Populations and Systems | |
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| Ecology and the Environmental Crisis | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliographical Essay | |
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| Index | |