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What is Grammar? | |
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Introduction | |
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Grammar as a Set of Rules | |
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Language and Change | |
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Linguists and Grammar | |
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Language is Rule-Governed | |
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Language as a Set of Rules versus Language as Rule-Governed | |
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Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammar | |
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Prescriptive Grammar | |
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Descriptive Grammar | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 1 Discovery Activities | |
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Morphology | |
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Introduction | |
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Word Classes | |
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Context and Function | |
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Word Plays and Context: An Additional Illustration | |
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Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories | |
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Open Word Classes | |
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Closed Word Classes | |
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Overview: Major Parts of Speech | |
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Nouns | |
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Adjectives | |
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Verbs | |
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Adverbs | |
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Morphology | |
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Bound and Free Morphemes | |
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Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes | |
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Derivational Morphemes | |
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Inflectional Morphemes | |
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Redundancy in Language | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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The Noun Phrase | |
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Introduction | |
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Identifying Nouns | |
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Context and Function | |
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Semantic Clues | |
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Structural Clues | |
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Derivational Clues | |
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Morphological Clues | |
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Different Types of Nouns | |
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Count and Noncount Nouns | |
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Crossover Nouns | |
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Structure Words that Signal Nouns | |
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Demonstratives | |
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Quantifiers | |
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Pronouns | |
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Discovery Activity 11 | |
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Types of Pronouns by Function | |
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Subject Pronouns | |
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Object Pronouns | |
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Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives | |
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Reflexive Pronouns | |
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Indefinite Pronouns | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 3 Discovery Activities | |
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Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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Introduction | |
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Adjectives | |
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Identification of Adjectives | |
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Semantic Clues | |
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Morphological Clues | |
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Derivational | |
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Inflectional | |
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Structural Clues | |
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Identifying Adjectives | |
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Order of Adjectives | |
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Adjective Types | |
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Special Types of Adjectives | |
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Nouns Functioning as Adjectives | |
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Participial Adjectives | |
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Adverbs | |
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Different Subclasses of Adverbs | |
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Frequency Adverbs | |
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Time and Place Adverbs | |
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The ""Other"" Adverbs | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 4 Discovery Activities | |
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Introduction to Verbs and Verb Phrases | |
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Introduction | |
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Identifying Verbs | |
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Semantic Clues | |
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Morphological Clues | |
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Derivational | |
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Inflectional | |
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Structural Clues | |
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Main Verbs versus Auxiliary Verbs | |
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The Primary Auxiliary Verbs Have, Be, Do | |
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Do as a Verb Helper | |
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs | |
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Transitive Verbs | |
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Intransitive Verbs | |
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Di-transitive Verbs | |
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Intransitive Verbs and Complements | |
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Verbs that are Both Transitive and Intransitive | |
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Verbs Followed by Infinitives and Gerunds | |
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Verb/Gerund Variations | |
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Phrasal Verbs | |
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Phrasal Verbs versus Verb + Preposition/Adverb | |
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Testing for Phrasal Verbs | |
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Types of Phrasal Verbs | |
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Intransitive Inseparable | |
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Transitive Inseparable | |
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Transitive Separable | |
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Transitive Inseparable with 2 Prepositions/Adverbs | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 5 Discovery Activities | |
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Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs | |
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Introduction | |
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Verbs and Inflections | |
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Time, Tense, and Aspect | |
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Present | |
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Simple Present | |
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Present Progressive | |
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Past | |
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Simple Past | |
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Past Progressive | |
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Future | |
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Will<sup>4</sup> | |
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Be Going To | |
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Discovery Activity | |
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Present Progressive for the Future | |
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Future Progressive | |
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Perfect | |
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Present Perfect | |
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Past Perfect | |
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Future Perfect | |
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Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, Future Perfect Progressive | |
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Summary | |
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First Auxiliary Rule for Negative Statements and Questions | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 6 Discovery Activities | |
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Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Related Structures | |
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Introduction | |
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The ""Pure"" Modals | |
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Modal Auxiliaries versus Primary Auxiliaries | |
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The Modal Auxiliaries | |
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Modal Meaning: Ability | |
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Modal Meaning: Permission and Polite Requests | |
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Modal Meaning: Possibility or Probability | |
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Modal and Related Structures Meaning: Necessity or Obligation | |
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Modal Meaning: Prohibition | |
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Modal and Related Structure Meaning: Advice or Suggestion | |
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Modal Meaning: Expectation | |
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Modal Meaning: Unfulfilled Expectation, Mistake | |
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Would and the Conditional | |
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The Many Uses of Would | |
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Modals and ESL/EFL Learners | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 7 Discovery Activities | |
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Basic Sentence Patterns and Major Variations | |
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Introduction | |
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Types of Sentence Constituents | |
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Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases | |
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Verb Phrases | |
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Adjective and Adverb Phrases | |
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Questions | |
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Yes/No Questions | |
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Wh-Questions | |
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Discovery Activity 4 | |
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Passive | |
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The ""by-phrase"" | |
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The Passive and Tense | |
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The Passive versus the Active | |
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Explaining Passive Formation | |
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Understanding Passive Use | |
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Get | |
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Substitution | |
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Do | |
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Substitution and First Auxiliary Rule | |
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Substitution and Inversion | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Optional Follow Up | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 8 Discovery Activities | |
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Discussion: Sentence Problem | |
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Compound Sentences and Introduction to Complex Sentences: Adverbial Clauses | |
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Introduction | |
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Clauses versus Phrases | |
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Compound Sentences | |
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Coordinators | |
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Transition Words or Phrases | |
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Complex Sentences | |
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Complex Sentences and Multiple Subordinate Clauses | |
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Subordinate Clauses and Word Order | |
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GLUE | |
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Types of Complex Clauses | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Time | |
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When and While | |
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Whenever | |
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Until | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Contrast | |
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Unexpected Result | |
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Direct Opposition | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Place | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Cause | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Result | |
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Adverbial Clause of Purpose | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Condition | |
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Real Conditions | |
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Present Unreal Conditions | |
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Past Unreal Conditions | |
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Conditional Sentences Without ""If"" | |
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Mixed Time | |
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Adverbial Clauses of Manner | |
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Reduced Adverbial Clauses | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 9 Discovery Activities | |
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Complex Sentences Continued Relative Clauses | |
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Introduction | |
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The Relative Pronouns | |
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Two Types of Relative Clauses: Essential and Nonessential | |
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Which versus That | |
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Whose | |
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Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects | |
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Who versus whom | |
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Omission of Relative Pronouns | |
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Relative Adverbs | |
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Reduced Relative Clauses | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 10 Discovery Activities | |
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Complex Sentences Continued: Noun Clauses | |
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Introduction | |
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Noun Clauses | |
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That Noun Clauses | |
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Verb + That Noun Clause | |
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Different Verb + Noun Clause Patterns | |
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Other Noun Clause Patterns | |
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Omission of That | |
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The Use of the Simpleor Base Verb in That Noun Clauses | |
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The Different Functions of That | |
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Distinguishing Relative Clauses and Noun Clauses with That | |
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Noun Clauses Derived from Questions | |
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Wh-Question Words | |
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Yes/No Questions and Noun Clauses | |
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Reported Speech | |
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Statements | |
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Questions | |
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Other Patterns in Reported Speech | |
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Imperatives | |
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Exclamations | |
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Formal Sequencing of Verb Tenses | |
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Pronoun and Other Changes | |
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Say versus Tell | |
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Reported Speech as Impression | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 11 Discovery Activities | |
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Verbal Constructions | |
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Introduction | |
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Gerunds and Gerund Phrases | |
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Negation and Gerunds | |
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Possessive Gerunds | |
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Participial Phrases | |
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Types of Participles | |
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Past Participles (-ed) in Participial Phrases | |
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Distinguishing the Different -ed Participles | |
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Time | |
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Passive Participial Phrases | |
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Infinitives | |
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Function | |
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Infinitives as Direct Objects of Verbs | |
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Other Patterns | |
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Infinitives as Subjects | |
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Infinitives After Be + Certain Adjectives | |
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Other Structures with Infinitives | |
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Base Verbs or ""Bare Infinitives"" | |
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Causative Verbs | |
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Time | |
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Basic Infinitive | |
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Perfect Infinitive | |
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Summary | |
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Practice Activities | |
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Answer Key: Chapter 12 Discovery Activities | |
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Glossary | |
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Appendices | |
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Irregular English Verbs in Alphabetical List<sup>1</sup> | |
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Some Patterns of Common Irregular Verbs | |
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Essential Spelling Rules | |
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Gerunds and Infinitives After Verbs | |
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Common Adverbial Subordinator | |
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The Eight Inflectional Morphemes of English | |
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The Minor Categories, The Structure Words | |
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Summary of Major Learner Difficulties | |
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Index | |