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| Underlying Mechanisms of Pain | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Underlying Complexities of Pain Assessment | |
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| Misconceptions That Hamper Assessment and Treatment of Patients Who Report Pain | |
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| Assessment Tools for Patients | |
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| Other Challenges in Pain Assessment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Nonopioid Analgesics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Indications for Administration of Acetaminophen or NSAIDs | |
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| Adverse Effects of Acetaminophen and NSAIDs | |
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| Individualizing the Selection of Nonopioid Analgesics | |
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| Perioperative Nonopioid Use | |
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| Nonprescription Nonopioids | |
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| Acute Overdose | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Opioid Analgesics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physiology and Pharmacology of Opioid Analgesics | |
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| Key Concepts in Analgesic Therapy | |
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| Guidelines for Opioid Drug Selection | |
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| Guidelines for Selection of Routes of Opioid Administration | |
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| Intraspinal Analgesia (Epidural and Intrathecal) | |
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| Initiating Opioid Therapy | |
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| IV Patient-Controlled Analgesia | |
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| Switching to another Opioid or Route of Administration | |
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| Management of Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects | |
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| Unwarranted Withholding of Opioids | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Considerations in the Use of Adjuvant Analgesics | |
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| Multipurpose Adjuvant Analgesics | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics for Persistent (Chronic) Neuropathic Pain | |
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| Topical Analgesics for Persistent (Chronic) Pain | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics for Musculoskeletal Pain | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics for Postoperative and Other Acute Pain | |
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| Adjuvant Agends for Goal-Directed Sedation in the Critically Ill and Procedural Sedation | |
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| Local Anesthetics for Procedural Pain | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics for Persistent (Chronic) Bone Pain | |
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| Adjuvant Analgesics for Malignant Bowel Obstruction | |
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| Adjuvants Less Often Used | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Pain Resources on the Internet | |
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| Opioid Agreements | |
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| Use of Electronic Medical Records in Pain Management | |
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| Terminology | |