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| Scope and History of Restorative Materials | |
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| Scope of Materials Covered in Restorative Dentistry | |
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| Basic Sciences Applied to Restorative Materials | |
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| Application of Various Sciences | |
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| History | |
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| Early History | |
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| Medieval and Early Modern Period | |
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| Beginning of Dental Science-1600 to 1840 | |
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| The Period of Mechanical Improvement-1840 to 1900 | |
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| Advances Since 1900 | |
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| Future Developments in Biomaterials | |
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| Applied Surface Phenomena | |
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| Characterization of Solid Surfaces | |
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| The Colloidal State | |
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| Nature of Colloids | |
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| Typical Colloid Systems | |
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| Gels | |
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| Syneresis | |
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| Emulsions | |
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| Diffusion Through Membranes and Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption | |
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| Surface Tension and Wetting | |
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| Capillary Rise | |
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| Penetration Coefficient | |
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| Isolated Capillaries | |
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| Forces Involved in Denture Retention | |
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| Adhesion | |
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| Optical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties | |
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| Optical Properties | |
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| Color | |
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| Measurement of Color | |
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| Pigmentation | |
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| Metamerism | |
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| Fluorescence | |
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| Opacity, Translucency, and Transparency | |
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| Index of Refraction | |
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| Optical Constants | |
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| Thermal Properties | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Transition Temperatures | |
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| Heat of Fusion | |
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| Thermal Conductivity | |
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| Specific Heat | |
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| Thermal Diffusivity | |
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| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | |
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| Electrical Properties | |
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| Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity | |
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| Dielectric Constant | |
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| Electromotive Force | |
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| Galvanism | |
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| Electrochemical Corrosion | |
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| Zeta-Potential | |
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| Other Properties | |
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| Tarnish and Discoloration | |
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| Water Sorption | |
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| Solubility and Disintegration | |
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| Setting Time | |
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| Shelf Life | |
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| Mechanical Properties | |
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| Force | |
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| Occlusal Forces | |
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| Forces on Restoration | |
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| Stress | |
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| Types of Stress | |
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| Strain | |
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| Stress-Strain Curves | |
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| Proportional and Elastic Limits | |
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| Yield Strength | |
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| Ultimate Strength | |
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| Fracture Strength | |
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| Elongation | |
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| Elastic Modulus | |
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| Poisson's Ratio | |
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| Ductility and Malleability | |
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| Resilience | |
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| Toughness | |
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| Fracture Toughness | |
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| Properties and Stress-Strain Curves | |
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| Other Mechanical Properties | |
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| Tensile Properties Of Brittle Materials | |
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| Compressive Properties | |
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| Shear Strength | |
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| Bond Strength | |
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| Flexure | |
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| Flexural Strength | |
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| Permanent Bending | |
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| Torsion | |
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| Fatigue Strength | |
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| Viscoelasticity | |
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| Fluid Behavior and Viscosity | |
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| Viscosity and Time and Temperature | |
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| Viscoelastic Materials | |
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| Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity | |
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| |
| Creep Compliance | |
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| Dynamic Mechanical Properties | |
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| Dynamic Modulus | |
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| Impact Strength | |
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| Tear Strength and Tear Energy | |
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| |
| Mechanical Properties of Composites | |
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| |
| Surface Mechanical Properties | |
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| |
| Hardness | |
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| Nano-Indentation | |
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| Friction | |
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| Wear | |
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| |
| Stress Analysis and Design of Dental Structures | |
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| |
| Two-Dimensional Photoelasticity | |
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| |
| Finite Element Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| |
| Specifications for Restorative Materials | |
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| |
| American Dental Association Specifications | |
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| American Dental Association Acceptance Program | |
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| |
| Index of Federal Specifications and Standards | |
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| Biocompatibility of Dental Materials | |
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| |
| Anatomical and Pathological Aspects of Oral Tissues | |
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| |
| The Tooth | |
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| |
| Bone | |
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| |
| Periodontium | |
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| |
| Gingiva and Mucosa | |
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| |
| Measuring Biocompatibility | |
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| |
| In Vitro Tests | |
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| |
| Animal Tests | |
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| Usage Tests | |
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| Correlation Among in Vitro, Animal, and Usage Tests | |
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| Using in Vitro, Animal, and Usage Tests Together | |
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| |
| Standards That Regulate the Measurement of Biocompatibility | |
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| |
| Biocompatibility of Dental Materials | |
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| |
| Reactions of Pulp | |
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| |
| Reaction of Other Oral Soft Tissues to Restorative Materials | |
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| |
| Reaction of Bone and Soft Tissues to Implant Materials | |
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| Summary | |
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| |
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| Nature of Metals and Alloys | |
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| |
| Chemical and Atomic Structure of Metals | |
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| |
| Atomic Structure | |
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| |
| Physical Properties of Metals | |
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| |
| Alloys and Principles of Metallurgy | |
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| |
| Phase Diagrams and Dental Alloys | |
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| |
| Alloy Microstructure | |
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| |
| Properties of Alloys | |
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| Alloy Strengthening Mechanisms | |
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| Properties of Casting Alloys | |
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| |
| Properties of Wrought Alloys | |
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| |
| |
| Polymers and Polymerization | |
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| |
| Basic Nature of Polymers | |
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| |
| Chemical Composition | |
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| |
| Molecular Weight | |
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| |
| Spatial Structure | |
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| |
| Preparation of Polymers | |
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| |
| Addition Polymerization | |
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| |
| Condensation Polymerization | |
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| |
| Other Polymers | |
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| |
| |
| Preventive Materials | |
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| |
| Chemotherapeutic Agents | |
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| |
| Dentifrices | |
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| |
| Mouthwashes | |
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| |
| Fluoride Varnishes | |
| |
| |
| Pit and Fissure Sealants | |
| |
| |
| Resin Sealants | |
| |
| |
| Glass Ionomer Sealants | |
| |
| |
| Flowable Composite Sealants | |
| |
| |
| Glass Ionomers | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Reaction | |
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| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation | |
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| |
| Hybrid Ionomers | |
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| |
| Composition and Reaction | |
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| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Athletic Mouth Protectors | |
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| |
| Properties | |
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| |
| Fabrication of Custom-Made Protectors, Preparing a Mouth-Formed Mouth Protector | |
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| |
| Care of Athletic Mouth Protectors | |
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| |
| Other Applications for Vacuum-Forming | |
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| |
| |
| Resin Composite Restorative Materials | |
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| |
| Multipurpose Composites | |
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| |
| Composition | |
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| |
| Polymerization Reaction | |
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| |
| Packaging of Composites | |
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| |
| Properties of Composites | |
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| |
| Overview | |
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| |
| Physical Properties | |
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| |
| Mechanical Properties | |
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| |
| Clinical Properties | |
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| |
| Manipulation of Composites | |
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| |
| Pulpal Protection | |
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| |
| Etching and Bonding | |
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| |
| Dispensing | |
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| |
| Placement | |
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| |
| Polymerization | |
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| |
| Finishing and Polishing | |
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| |
| Composites for Special Applications | |
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| |
| Microfilled Composites | |
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| |
| Packable Composites | |
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| |
| Flowable Composites | |
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| |
| Laboratory Composites | |
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| |
| Core Composites | |
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| |
| Provisional Composites | |
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| |
| Compomers | |
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| |
| Composition and Setting Reaction | |
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| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Light-Curing Units | |
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| |
| Overview | |
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| |
| Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen Light-Curing Units | |
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| |
| Plasma-Arc Light-Curing Units | |
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| |
| Blue Light-Emitting Diodes | |
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| |
| |
| Bonding to Dental Substrates | |
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| |
| Principles of Adhesion | |
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| |
| Adhesive Joints | |
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| |
| Adhesion Versus Bond Strength | |
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| |
| Interface Formation for Adhesion | |
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| |
| Mechanisms of Interfacial Debonding | |
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| |
| Measurements of Bond Strength | |
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| |
| Characterization of Human Enamel and Dentin | |
| |
| |
| Structure and Morphology of Enamel | |
| |
| |
| Structure and Morphology of Dentin | |
| |
| |
| Bonding Agents for Direct Resin Composites | |
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| |
| Overview | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
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| |
| Properties | |
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| |
| Manipulation | |
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| |
| Bonding Systems for Other Substrates | |
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| |
| Amalgam | |
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| |
| Laboratory Composites | |
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| |
| Ceramic | |
| |
| |
| Composite Bonded to Cast Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Repair of Composite, Ceramic, and Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amalgam | |
| |
| |
| Dental Amalgam Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Morphology | |
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| |
| Production | |
| |
| |
| Silver-Tin Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Amalgamation Processes | |
| |
| |
| Low-Copper Alloys | |
| |
| |
| High-Copper Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Microstructure of Amalgam | |
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| |
| Properties of Amalgam | |
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| |
| ANSI/ADA Specification No. 1 for Amalgam Alloy | |
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| |
| Physical and Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Mercury | |
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| |
| Manipulation of Amalgam | |
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| |
| Selection of Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Proportions of Alloy to Mercury | |
| |
| |
| Mixing of Amalgam | |
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| |
| Condensation of Amalgam | |
| |
| |
| Factors Related to Finishing Amalgam Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Bonding of Amalgam | |
| |
| |
| Mercury and Biocompatibility Issues | |
| |
| |
| Sources of Mercury | |
| |
| |
| Forms of Mercury | |
| |
| |
| Concentrations of Mercury | |
| |
| |
| Allergic Reactions and Disease | |
| |
| |
| Risks to Dentists and Office Personnel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Purpose of Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Desirable Qualities | |
| |
| |
| Types of Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Alginate Hydrocolloids | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Proportioning and Mixing | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Agar Hydrocolloids | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Ingredients | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Manipulation of the Sol-Gel | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Duplicating Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Elastomeric Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Consistencies | |
| |
| |
| Mixing Systems | |
| |
| |
| Impression Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Setting Properties | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Wettability and Hydrophilization of Elastomeric Impression Materials | |
| |
| |
| Disinfection of Elastomeric Impressions | |
| |
| |
| Relationship of Properties and Clinical Application | |
| |
| |
| Occlusal Registration Materials | |
| |
| |
| Elastomeric Registration Materials | |
| |
| |
| Wax Registrations | |
| |
| |
| Edentulous Impression Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Impression Compound | |
| |
| |
| Impression Trays | |
| |
| |
| Die, Cast, and Model Materials | |
| |
| |
| Desirable Qualities of a Cast or Die Material | |
| |
| |
| Dental Plaster and Stone | |
| |
| |
| Epoxy Die Materials | |
| |
| |
| Comparison of Impression and Die Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gypsum Products and Investments | |
| |
| |
| Chemical and Physical Nature of Gypsum Products | |
| |
| |
| Manufacture of Dental Plaster, Stone, and High-Strength Stone | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Reaction | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Setting Time | |
| |
| |
| Viscosity | |
| |
| |
| Compressive Strength | |
| |
| |
| Surface Hardness and Abrasion Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Reproduction of Detail | |
| |
| |
| Setting Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Casting Investments | |
| |
| |
| Properties Required of an Investment | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investments | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investments | |
| |
| |
| Effect of Temperature on Investment | |
| |
| |
| Setting Expansion of Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investment | |
| |
| |
| Thermal and Hygroscopic Casting Investment | |
| |
| |
| Hygroscopic-Thermal Gold Casting Investment | |
| |
| |
| Investment for Casting High-Melting Point Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Brazing Investment | |
| |
| |
| Investment for All-Ceramic Restorations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waxes | |
| |
| |
| Waxes, Gums, Fats, and Resins | |
| |
| |
| Natural Waxes | |
| |
| |
| Synthetic Waxes | |
| |
| |
| Gums | |
| |
| |
| Fats | |
| |
| |
| Resins | |
| |
| |
| Characteristic Properties of Waxes | |
| |
| |
| Melting Range | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Flow | |
| |
| |
| Residual Stress | |
| |
| |
| Ductility | |
| |
| |
| Dental Waxes | |
| |
| |
| Inlay Pattern Wax | |
| |
| |
| Casting Wax | |
| |
| |
| Resin Modeling Material | |
| |
| |
| Baseplate Wax | |
| |
| |
| Boxing Wax | |
| |
| |
| Utility Wax | |
| |
| |
| Sticky Wax | |
| |
| |
| Corrective Impression Wax | |
| |
| |
| Occlusal (Bite) Registration Wax | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noble Dental Alloys and Solders | |
| |
| |
| Metallic Elements Used in Dental Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Noble Metals | |
| |
| |
| Base Metals | |
| |
| |
| Binary Combinations of Metals | |
| |
| |
| Casting Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Types and Composition | |
| |
| |
| Grain Size | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Gold-Based Alloys for Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Wrought Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Microstructure | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Solders and Soldering Operations | |
| |
| |
| Types of Solders | |
| |
| |
| Microstructure of Soldered Joints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cast and Wrought Base-Metal Alloys | |
| |
| |
| General Requirements of a Dental Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Cobalt-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium Casting Alloys | |
| |
| |
| ANSI/ADA Specification No. 14 | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Microstructure of Cast Base-Metal Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Heat Treatment of Base-Metal Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Physical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| Corrosion | |
| |
| |
| Crown and Bridge Casting Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Other Applications of Cast Base-Metal Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Titanium and Titanium Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Commercially Pure Titanium | |
| |
| |
| Titanium Alloys: General | |
| |
| |
| Ti-6al-4v | |
| |
| |
| Cast Titanium | |
| |
| |
| Other Applications of Wrought Titanium | |
| |
| |
| Wrought Stainless Steel Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Function of Alloying Elements and Chemical Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Stress-Relieving Treatments | |
| |
| |
| Stainless Steel Orthodontic Wires | |
| |
| |
| Stainless Steel Endodontic Instruments | |
| |
| |
| Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments | |
| |
| |
| Base-Metal Prefabricated Crowns | |
| |
| |
| Wrought Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Processing and Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Wrought Nickel-Titanium Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Shape-Memory Effect | |
| |
| |
| Properties and Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Wrought Beta-Titanium Alloy | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Microstructure | |
| |
| |
| Manipulation | |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| Other Orthodontic Wires | |
| |
| |
| Summary of Orthodontic Wires | |
| |
| |
| Some Other Alloys | |
| |
| |
| |
| Casting and Soldering Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Casting | |
| |
| |
| Lost-Wax Technique | |
| |
| |
| Formation of the Wax Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Spruing the Wax Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Investing the Wax Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Burnout of the Wax Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Casting Procedure | |
| |
| |
| Special Casting Situations | |
| |
| |
| Casting Problems | |
| |
| |
| Cleaning and Pickling Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Soldering Techniques | |
| |
| |
| General Suggestions for Soldering | |
| |
| |
| Infrared Soldering | |
| |
| |
| Casting and Soldering Fluxes | |
| |
| |
| Noble and High-Noble Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Chromium-Containing Alloys | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| Historical Background | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Dental Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| Fusion Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| Fabrication Technique | |
| |
| |
| Crystalline Phase | |
| |
| |
| Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Manufacture | |
| |
| |
| Composition | |
| |
| |
| Manufacture | |
| |
| |
| Processing | |
| |
| |
| All-Ceramic Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Sintered All-Ceramic Materials | |
| |
| |
| Slip-Cast All-Ceramic Materials | |
| |
| |
| Machinable All-Ceramic Materials | |
| |
| |
| General Applications of Ceramics in Restorative Dentistry | |
| |
| |
| Ceramic-Metal Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures | |
| |
| |
| All-Ceramic Crowns, Inlays, Onlays, And Veneers | |
| |
| |
| Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Dental Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| Toughening Methods | |
| |
| |
| Test Methods | |
| |
| |
| Comparative Data | |
| |
| |
| Optical Properties of Dental Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| Properties of Porcelain Denture Teeth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ceramic-Metal Systems | |
| |
| |
| Requirements for a Ceramic-Metal System | |
| |
| |
| Ceramic-Metal Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Ceramic-Metal Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Ceramics for Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Alloys for Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Properties of Noble-Metal Alloys | |
| |
| |
| Composition and Properties of Base-Metal Alloys | |
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| Preparation of Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
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| Effect of Design on Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
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| Failure and Repair of Ceramic-Metal Restorations | |
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| Cements | |
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| Characteristic Properties of Dental Cements | |
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| Film Thickness and Consistency | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Setting Time | |
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| Strength | |
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| Solubility | |
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| Water-Based Cements | |
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| Glass Ionomer Cement | |
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| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement | |
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| Zinc Polyacrylate Cement | |
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| Zinc Phosphate Cement | |
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| Resin-Based Cements | |
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| Composites and Adhesive Resins | |
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| Compomers | |
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| Oil-Based Cements | |
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| Zinc Oxide-Eugenol and Noneugenol Cements | |
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| Cavity Varnishes | |
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| Composition | |
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| Manipulation | |
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| Properties | |
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| Applications | |
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| Cavity Liners | |
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| Composition and Chemistry of Setting | |
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| Manipulation | |
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| Properties | |
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| High-Strength Bases | |
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| Properties | |
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| Prosthetic Applications of Polymers | |
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| Properties of Denture Base Materials | |
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| Physical Form and Composition | |
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| Other Denture Materials | |
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| ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12 (ISO 1567) for Denture Base Resins | |
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| Properties of Dental Plastics | |
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| Strength Properties | |
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| Thermal Characteristics | |
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| Other Properties of Denture Polymers | |
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| Manipulation and Processing of Denture Base Polymers | |
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| Heat-Accelerated Acrylic Denture Polymers | |
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| Chemically Accelerated Acrylic Denture Polymers-Compression Molding | |
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| Fluid Resin Acrylic Denture Polymers | |
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| Light-Cured Denture Polymers | |
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| Factors Involved in Denture Retention | |
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| Effect of Auxiliary Materials on Denture Polymers | |
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| Repair Materials | |
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| Relining and Rebasing Dentures | |
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| Denture Teeth | |
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| ANSI/ADA Specification No. 15 (ISO 22112) for Synthetic Denture Teeth | |
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| Maxillofacial Materials | |
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| Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) | |
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| Polyurethane | |
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| Room Temperature-Vulcanized Silicones | |
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| Other Elastomers | |
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| Fabrication of the Prostheses | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Dental Implants | |
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| History | |
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| Classification | |
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| Subperiosteal Implant | |
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| Transosteal Implant | |
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| Endosseous Implant | |
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| Osseointegration and Biointegration | |
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| Factors Affecting the Endosteal Implant | |
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| Geometry | |
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| Magnitude of the Force | |
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| Duration of the Force | |
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| Type of Force | |
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| Implant Diameter | |
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| Implant Length | |
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| Surfaces and Biocompatibility | |
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| Ion Release | |
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| Surfaces | |
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| Implant Materials and Processing | |
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| Challenges and the Future | |
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| Tissue Engineering | |
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| History | |
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| Autograft | |
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| Allograft | |
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| Xenograft | |
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| Alloplasts | |
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| Strategies for Tissue Engineering | |
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| Injection of Cells | |
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| Guided Tissue Regeneration | |
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| Cell Induction | |
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| Cells within Scaffold Matrices | |
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| Stem Cells | |
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| Biomaterials and Scaffolds | |
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| Biological Materials | |
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| Ceramic and Glass Materials | |
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| Polymeric Materials | |
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| Cell Culture Methods | |
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| Tissue-Engineered Dental Tissues | |
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| Conversion Tables | |
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| Mind Maps | |
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| Index | |