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To the Instructor xv | |
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Introduction | |
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The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing | |
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About Literature | |
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What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It? | |
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Types of Literature: the Genres | |
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Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively | |
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Alice Walker, Everyday Use | |
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Reading and Responding in a Computer File or Notebook | |
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Major Stages in Thinking and Writing About Literary Topics: Discovering Ideas, Preparing to Write, Making an Initial Draft of Your Essay, and Completing the Essay | |
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Discovering Ideas ("Brainstorming") | |
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Box: Essays and Paragraphs Foundation Stones of Writing | |
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Preparing to Write | |
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Box: the Need for the Actual Physical Process of Writing | |
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Making an Initial Draft of Your Assignment | |
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Box: the Need for a Sound Argument in Writing About Literature | |
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Box: Referring to the Names of Authors | |
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Box: the Use of Verb Tenses in the Discussion of Literary Works | |
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Illustrative Paragraph | |
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Commentary on the Paragraph | |
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Illustrative Essay: Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Walker's "Everyday Use" | |
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Completing the Essay: Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision | |
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Illustrative Student Essay (Revised and Improved Draft) | |
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Illustrative Essay (Revised and Improved Draft): Mrs. Johnson's Overly Self-Assured Daughter, Dee, in Alice Walker's "Everyday Use" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Essay Commentaries | |
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A Summary of Guidelines | |
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Writing Topics About the Writing Process | |
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A Short Guide to Using Quotations and Making References in Essays About Literature | |
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Writing Essays on Designated Literary Topics | |
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Writing About Plot: The Development of Conflict and Tension in Literature | |
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Plot: the Motivation and Causality of Literature | |
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Determining the Conflicts in a Story, Drama, or Narrative Poem | |
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Writing About the Plot of a Particular Work | |
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Organize Your Essay About Plot | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Plot of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Plot | |
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Writing About Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker | |
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An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident | |
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Conditions That Affect Point of View | |
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Box: Point of View and Opinions | |
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Determining a Work's Point of View | |
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Box: Point of View and Verb Tense | |
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Summary: Guidelines for Point of View | |
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Writing About Point of View | |
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Illustrative Essay: Shirley Jackson's Dramatic Point of View in "The Lottery" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Point of View | |
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Writing About Character: The People in Literature | |
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Character Traits | |
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How Authors Disclose Character in Literature | |
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Types of Characters: Round and Flat | |
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Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude | |
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Writing About Character | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Character of Minnie Wright of Glaspell's "Trifles" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Character | |
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Writing About a Close Reading: Analyzing Entire Short Poems or Selected Short Passages from Fiction, Longer Poems, and Plays | |
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The Purpose and Requirements of a Close-Reading Essay | |
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The Location of the Passage in a Longer Work | |
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Writing About the Close Reading of a Passage in Prose Work, Drama, or Longer Poem | |
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Box: Number the Passage for Easy Reference | |
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Illustrative Essay: A Close Reading of a Paragraph from Frank O'Connor's Story "First Confession" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing an Essay on the Close Reading of a Poem | |
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Illustrative Essay: A Close Reading of Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics for a Close-Reading Essay | |
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Writing About Structure: The Organization of Literature | |
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Formal Categories of Structure | |
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Formal and Actual Structure | |
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William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold | |
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Writing About Structure in Fiction, Poetry, and Drama | |
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Organize Your Essay About Structure | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Structure of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Structure | |
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Writing About Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Cult ure in Literature | |
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What Is Setting? | |
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The Importance of Setting in Literature | |
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Writing About Setting | |
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Organize Your Essay About Setting | |
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Illustrative Essay: Maupassant's Use of Setting in "The Necklace" to Show the Character of Mathilde | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Setting | |
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Writing About an Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the "Message" in Literature | |
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Ideas and Assertions | |
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Ideas and Values | |
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The Place of Ideas in Literature | |
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How to Locate Ideas | |
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Writing About a Major Idea in Literature | |
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Organize Your Essay on a Major Idea or Theme | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Idea of the Importance of Minor and "Trifling" Details in Susan Glaspell's Trifles | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Special Topics for Studying and Discussing Ideas | |
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Writing About Imagery: The Literary Work's Link to the Senses | |
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Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail | |
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The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes | |
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Types of Imagery | |
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Writing About Imagery | |
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Organize Your Essay About Imagery | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Images of Masefield's "Cargoes" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Imagery | |
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Writing About Metaphor and Simile: A Source of Depth and Range in Literature | |
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Metaphors and Similes: the Major Figures of Speech | |
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Characteristics of Metaphors and Similes | |
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John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer | |
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Box: Vehicle and Tenor | |
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Writing About Metaphors and Similes | |
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Organize Your Essay About Metaphors and Similes | |
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Illustrative Essay: Shakespeare's Metaphors in "Sonnet | |
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When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Metaphors and Similes | |
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Writing About Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning | |
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Symbolism and Meaning | |
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Allegory | |
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Fable, Parable, and Myth | |
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Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory | |
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Writing About Symbolism and Allegory | |
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Organize Your Essay About Symbolism or Allegory | |
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Illustrative Essay (Symbolism in a Poem): Symbolism in William Butler Yeats's "The Second Coming" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Illustrative Essay (Allegory in a Story): the Allegory of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Symbolism and Allegory | |
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Writing About Tone: The Writer's Control over Attitudes and Feelings | |
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Tone and Attitudes | |
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Tone and Humor | |
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Tone and Irony | |
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Writing About Tone | |
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Organize Your Essay about Tone | |
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Illustrative Essay: Kate Chopin's Irony in "The Story of an Hour" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Tone | |
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Writing About Rhyme in Poetry: The Repetition of Identical Sounds to Emphasize Ideas | |
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The Nature and Function of Rhyme | |
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Writing About Rhyme | |
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Organize Your Essay About Rhyme | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Rhymes in Christina Rossetti's "Echo" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Rhyme in Poetry | |
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Writing About More General Literary Topics | |
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Writing About a Literary Problem: Challenges to Overcome in Reading202 | |
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Strategies for Developing an Essay About a Problem | |
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Writing About a Problem | |
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Organize Your Essay About a Problem | |
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Illustrative Essay: the Problem of Robert Frost's Use of the Term "Desert Places" in the Poem "Desert Places" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Studying Problems in Literature | |
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Writing Essays of Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast: Learning by Seeing Literary Works Together | |
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Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
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The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
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Box: Citing References in a Longer Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
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Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
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Organize Your Comparison-Contrast Essay | |
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Illustrative Essay (Comparing and Contrasting Two Works): the Views of War in Amy Lowell's "Patterns" and Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Illustrative Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Tension Between Private and Public Life | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Comparison and Contrast | |
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Writing About a Work in Its Historical, Intellectual, and Cult ural Context | |
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History, Culture, and Multiculturalism | |
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Literature in Its Time and Place | |
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Writing About a Work in Its Historical and Cultural Context | |
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Organize Your Essay About a Work and Its Context | |
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Illustrative Essay: Langston Hughes's References to Black Servitude and Black Pride in " Negro" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics About Works in Their Historical, Intellectual, and Cultural Context | |
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Writing a Review Essay: Developing Ideas and Evaluating Literary Works for Special or General Audiences | |
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Writing a Review Essay | |
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Organize Your Review Essay | |
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First Illustrative Essay (A Review for General Readers): Nathaniel Hawthorne's Story "Young Goodman Brown": A View of Mistaken Zeal | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Second Illustrative Essay (Designed for a Particular Group Here, a Religious Group): Religious Intolerance and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Story "Young Goodman Brown" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Third Illustrative Essay (A Personal Review for a General Audience): Security and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Story "Young Goodman Brown," | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Topics for Studying and Discussing the Writing of Reviews | |
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Writing Examinations on Literature | |
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Answer the Questions That Are Asked | |
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Systematic Preparation | |
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Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature | |
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Writing and Documenting the Research Essay; Using Extra Resources for Understanding | |
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Selecting a Topic | |
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Setting Up a Working Bibliography | |
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Locating Sources | |
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Box: Evaluating Sources | |
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Box: Important Considerations About Computer-Aided Research | |
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Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material | |
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Box: Plagiarism: An Embarrassing But Vital | |
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Subject and a Danger to Be Overcome | |
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Classify Your Cards and Group Them Accordingly | |
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Documenting Your Work | |
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Organize Your Research Essay | |
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Illustrative Research Essay: the Structure of Katherine Mansfield's "Miss Brill" | |
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Commentary on the Essay | |
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Writing Topics for Research Essays | |
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Appendixes | |
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Critical Approaches Important in the Study of Literature | |
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Moral / Intellectual | |
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Topical/Historical | |
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New Critical/Formalist | |
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Structuralist | |
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Feminist Criticism, Gender Studies, and Queer Theory | |
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Economic Determinist/Marxist | |
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Psychological/Psychoanalytic | |
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Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic | |
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Deconstructionist | |
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Reader-Response | |
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MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources | |
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(Nonelectronic) Books, Articles, Poems, Letters, Reviews, Recordings, Programs | |
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The Citation of Electronic Sources | |
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Appendix C | |
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Works Used in the Text for Illustrative Essays and References | |
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Stories Kate Chopin, the Story of an Hour | |
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A woman is shocked by news of her husband's death, but there is still a greater shock in store for her | |
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Living in colonial Salem, Young Goodman Brown has a bewildering encounter that affects his outlook on life and his attitudes towards people | |
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Why does the prize-winner of a community-sponsored lottery make the claim that the drawing was not fair? | |
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Jackie as a young man recalls his mixed memories of the events surrounding his first childhood experience with confession | |
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A follower of a famous British general tells what really happened | |
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Phoenix Jackson, a devoted grandmother, walks a well-worn path on a mission of great love. Poems | |
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When you lose certainty, what remains for you? | |
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What mysterious force creates evil as well as good? | |
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Just how cool are they, really? How successful are they going to be? | |
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An arrogant duke shows his dead wife's portrait to the envoy of the count | |
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What does Kubla Khan create to give himself the greatest joy? | |
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How does eternal life put down death? | |
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What is more frightening than the emptiness of outer space? | |
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What is loud enough to waken the dead, and then, what do the dead say about it? | |
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A combat soldier muses about the irony of battlefield conflict | |
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What are some of the outrages experienced throughout history by blacks? | |
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The speaker dedicates himself to constancy and steadfastness | |
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How can reading a translation be as exciting as discovering a new planet or a new ocean? | |
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What terrible memory counterbalances the beauty of German castles, fields, and traditions? | |
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What does a woman think when she learns that her fianc� will never return from overseas battle? | |
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How do modern cargo ships differ from those of the past? | |
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War forces poignant changes in normally peaceful ceremonies | |
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