| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| List of Photos and Maps | |
| |
| |
| Prologue. The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical Perspective: The Middle East and Palestine to 1517 | |
| |
| |
| Ancient Israel and Palestine to the Coming of Islam | |
| |
| |
| Political Fragmentation And Rebellion To The Roman Period | |
| |
| |
| Palestine Under Roman And Byzantine Rule | |
| |
| |
| The Arabs and the Spread of Islam | |
| |
| |
| Islam and Its Relationship To Judaism and Christianity | |
| |
| |
| Palestine under Muslim Rule to 1517 | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Society, Palestine, and the Origins of Zionism, 1516-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Commercial Relations and Military Decline, 1500-1800 | |
| |
| |
| Regional Strife, Imperial Interventions, and Ottoman Retraction, 1800-1914 | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Society in an Age of Reform | |
| |
| |
| European Inroads and Communial Tensions to Mid-Century | |
| |
| |
| Palestine in the Nineteenth Century | |
| |
| |
| Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population | |
| |
| |
| [Palestinian Notables and Absentee Landowners] | |
| |
| |
| [Palestinian Agricultural Productivity] | |
| |
| |
| [Tourists and Immigrants] | |
| |
| |
| [Population and Identity] | |
| |
| |
| Zionism: Its Origins and Development to 1914 | |
| |
| |
| The Jews of Western Europe | |
| |
| |
| Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism | |
| |
| |
| [The Origins of Zionism] | |
| |
| |
| [Bilu and Hibbat Zion] | |
| |
| |
| Theodore Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914 | |
| |
| |
| [Herzl and the World Zionist Organization] | |
| |
| |
| [Militant Zionism: The Second Aliya] | |
| |
| |
| The Arab Response to Zionism | |
| |
| |
| Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases | |
| |
| |
| Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Working-Class Conditions, 1838 and 1873-Greater Syria | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 1856 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 1896 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theodor Herzl, "Who Fears a State?" from Die Welt, February 18, 1898 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Basel Program, 1897 | |
| |
| |
| |
| World War I, Great Britain, and the Peace Settlements, 1914-1921 | |
| |
| |
| World War I: The Ottoman Empire and the European Powers | |
| |
| |
| British Imperial Objectives | |
| |
| |
| [Gallipoli and Imperial Bargaining] | |
| |
| |
| [The De Bunsen Committee] | |
| |
| |
| Britain, The Arabs, and the Husayn-Mcmahon Correspondence, 1915-1916 | |
| |
| |
| The Lure of an Arab Revolt | |
| |
| |
| The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms | |
| |
| |
| McMahon's Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness | |
| |
| |
| Anglo-French Interests and the Sykes-Picot Agreement | |
| |
| |
| Spheres of Control and Influence | |
| |
| |
| British Evaluation of Their Commitments | |
| |
| |
| Britain, Palestine, and the Balfour Declaration | |
| |
| |
| Chaim Weizmann and British Politics | |
| |
| |
| British War Aims and Palestine | |
| |
| |
| Negotiating the Text | |
| |
| |
| Goals Versus Promises: The European Powers, Zionism, and the Arabs, 1917-1918 | |
| |
| |
| Reassuring Sharif Husayn | |
| |
| |
| Syria and "Self-Determination" | |
| |
| |
| Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement | |
| |
| |
| The Peace Settlements and the Mandate System | |
| |
| |
| Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syria | |
| |
| |
| Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System | |
| |
| |
| Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915-January 1916 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2, 1919 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palestine Between the Wars: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920-1939 | |
| |
| |
| The First Phase: Hopes Fulfilled and Dashed, 1918-1920 | |
| |
| |
| Political Leadership in the Palestinian-Arab and Zionist Communities | |
| |
| |
| Palestinian Arabs and British Policies | |
| |
| |
| [The Legislative Council Plans] | |
| |
| |
| [Palestinian Arab Rivalries] | |
| |
| |
| Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad | |
| |
| |
| [Weizmann and the Jewish Agency] | |
| |
| |
| [Palestinian Jews and Labor Zionism] | |
| |
| |
| [Ben-Gurion Triumphs: Mapai and the Histadrut] | |
| |
| |
| [Revisionist Zionism Challenges Labor] | |
| |
| |
| [Agudat Israel] | |
| |
| |
| Jews and Arabs Under the Mandate: The Clash of Conflicting Aspirations | |
| |
| |
| The Land Question | |
| |
| |
| [Patterns of Land Ownership] | |
| |
| |
| [Zionist Land Purchases] | |
| |
| |
| [The Landless Arab Problem] | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929 | |
| |
| |
| Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper | |
| |
| |
| European Crises and their Repercussions: Yishuv Expansion and Arab Rebellion | |
| |
| |
| The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine | |
| |
| |
| [Zionism and the Arab Economy] | |
| |
| |
| [Arab Factions Emerge] | |
| |
| |
| [Al-Qassam and the Outbreak of Violence] | |
| |
| |
| [The Peel Commission and Partition] | |
| |
| |
| [The Second Stage of the Revolt] | |
| |
| |
| [The Legacy of the Revolt] | |
| |
| |
| Britain Rethinks its Obligations: The 1939 White Paper | |
| |
| |
| Palestine in British Strategy | |
| |
| |
| Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission | |
| |
| |
| The St. James Conference | |
| |
| |
| The 1939 White Paper | |
| |
| |
| Great Britain and Palestine on the Eve of World War II | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 1939 White Paper | |
| |
| |
| |
| World War II and the Creation of the State of Israel, 1939-1949 | |
| |
| |
| Palestine, Zionism, and the War Effort, 1939-1945 | |
| |
| |
| World War II and the Middle East | |
| |
| |
| Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response | |
| |
| |
| The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities | |
| |
| |
| The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences | |
| |
| |
| The White Paper, Partition, and Britain's Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945 | |
| |
| |
| Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945 | |
| |
| |
| Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945 | |
| |
| |
| [Arab Society] | |
| |
| |
| [Arab Nationalism and Regional Rivalries] | |
| |
| |
| The End of the Mandate and the Creation of Israel, 1945-1949 | |
| |
| |
| The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War | |
| |
| |
| Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine | |
| |
| |
| Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947 | |
| |
| |
| [British Aims and Zionist Resistance] | |
| |
| |
| [The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry] | |
| |
| |
| [The Morrison-Grady Committee] | |
| |
| |
| [Zionist Terrorism, British Crackdown, and American Politics] | |
| |
| |
| [Britain Abdicates: The London Conference, February 1947] | |
| |
| |
| UNSCOP and United Nations' Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947 | |
| |
| |
| [The UNSCOP Committee Hearings and Recommendations] | |
| |
| |
| [Palestine Partitioned: The U.N. Debate] | |
| |
| |
| The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948 | |
| |
| |
| [Arab-Zionist Strife Erupts] | |
| |
| |
| [American Policy in Disarray] | |
| |
| |
| [Dayr Yasin and the Palestinian Refugees] | |
| |
| |
| [Ben-Gurion Proclaims the State of Israel] | |
| |
| |
| The Arab Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949 | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The "Final Solution": Nazi Extermination of European Jewry | |
| |
| |
| |
| UNSCOP's Plan of Partition with Economic Union | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948 | |
| |
| |
| |
| King Abdullah's Offer to the Zionists, May 1948 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Beginning of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Search for Security, 1949-1957 | |
| |
| |
| Israel, The Arab States, and The Palestinian/Israeli Arabs: 1949-1954 | |
| |
| |
| Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law | |
| |
| |
| Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation | |
| |
| |
| The Palestinian Refugees | |
| |
| |
| The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict | |
| |
| |
| Israeli Views of Arabs and the World | |
| |
| |
| [Ben-Gurionist Activism] | |
| |
| |
| [Moshe Sharett and the Activists] | |
| |
| |
| The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries | |
| |
| |
| [Arab Rivalries and the Struggle for Syria] | |
| |
| |
| [Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution] | |
| |
| |
| The Cold War and the Middle East: Looking for Allies, 1953-1955 | |
| |
| |
| Containment and the Northern Tier Concept | |
| |
| |
| The Baghdad Pact | |
| |
| |
| Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid | |
| |
| |
| The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal | |
| |
| |
| Israel and France Draw Closer | |
| |
| |
| Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran | |
| |
| |
| Countdown to Suez: Failed Diplomacy and Dreams of Empire, January-November 1956 | |
| |
| |
| Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals | |
| |
| |
| [Project Alpha and the Anderson Mission] | |
| |
| |
| [Aswan Dam Project in Trouble] | |
| |
| |
| Nasser Nationalizes the Canal | |
| |
| |
| Invasion Plans Take Shape | |
| |
| |
| The Attacks and Their Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957 | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Suez to the Six-Day War, 1957-1967 | |
| |
| |
| The Struggle for Syria and the Creation of the United Arab Republic, 1957-1958 | |
| |
| |
| The United States, Syria, and the Cold War | |
| |
| |
| The United Arab Republic: Conflict and Significance | |
| |
| |
| Lebanon: Political Strife, Civil War, and Regional Crisis, 1957-1958 | |
| |
| |
| Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments | |
| |
| |
| Lebanon's Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution | |
| |
| |
| The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context | |
| |
| |
| Inter-Arab and Arab-Israeli Tensions, 1958-1964 | |
| |
| |
| Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics | |
| |
| |
| Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response | |
| |
| |
| The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah | |
| |
| |
| [PLO Initiatives and Arab Government Reactions] | |
| |
| |
| [Fatah: Background and Policies] | |
| |
| |
| [The Syrian-Fatah Alliance] | |
| |
| |
| [Jordan Between Arab Radicalism and Israeli Retaliation] | |
| |
| |
| Israeli Politics to 1967 | |
| |
| |
| Great Power Rivalries in the Middle East to 1967 | |
| |
| |
| The United States between Israel and the Arabs | |
| |
| |
| Lyndon Johnson and Israel | |
| |
| |
| The Soviet Union and the Arab World | |
| |
| |
| The Crisis Escalates: Military Clashes, Misleading Assurances, and Failed Diplomacy | |
| |
| |
| Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats | |
| |
| |
| The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits | |
| |
| |
| Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals | |
| |
| |
| Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative | |
| |
| |
| The Six-Day War: Israel's Conquests and American Expectations | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Questions for Consideration | |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| [Notes] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communiqu�© No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965 | |