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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Maps | |
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| List of Tables and Graphs | |
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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Preface | |
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| List of Abbreviations and Acronyms | |
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| The Prelude to White Domination | |
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| The Setting of the Human Problem | |
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| From the Dawn of History to the Time of Troubles | |
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| The earliest South Africans | |
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| The Khoisan peoples | |
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| The emergence of Bantu-speaking chiefdoms | |
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| The upheavals of the early nineteenth century | |
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| The Birth of a Plural Society | |
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| The early years of European settlement | |
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| The Khoikoi and the Dutch | |
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| Cape slavery | |
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| The VOC and the Cape station | |
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| The evolution of the Cape frontier in the eighteenth century | |
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| The creation of a stratified society | |
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| The Enlightenment and the Great Trek | |
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| The eighteenth-century revolution and Cape Colonial 'Calvinism' | |
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| The first British occupation, 1795 | |
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| Batavian rule, 1803-6 | |
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| The return of the British, 1806 | |
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| The Albany Settlement of 1820 and its cultural impact | |
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| The emancipation of the slaves and the Cape Coloured people | |
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| The start of the Great Trek | |
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| Chiefdoms, Republics and Colonies in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| African Chiefdoms | |
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| Tswana chiefdoms of the Kalahari borderland | |
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| Chiefdoms of the Eastern Transvaal: Pedi, Lovedu, Venda and Ndzundza | |
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| The southern Sotho | |
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| The southern Nguni peoples: Xhosa, Thembu, Mpondo | |
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| The Mfengu (Fingo) people | |
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| The northern Nguni peoples: Zulu, Gaza, Ngoni and Swazi | |
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| The Khumalo Ndebele | |
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| The bonds of African society in the nineteenth century | |
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| New concentrations of power after the Mfecane | |
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| Boer Republics | |
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| Voortrekker tribulations | |
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| The Republic Natalia | |
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| Potgieter and Pretorius on the highveld | |
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| The Orange Free State Republic | |
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| The South African Republic, the civil war, and the rise of Paul Kruger | |
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| Ideological rifts under Pretorius and Burgers | |
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| Kruger's Republic and the Uitlander challenge | |
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| British Colonies | |
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| Cape political and constitutional growth, 1820-72, and the politics of separatism | |
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| Cape politics in the era of diamonds, and the Rhodes-Hofmeyr alliance, 1870-99 | |
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| Black politics in the nineteenth-century Cape Colony | |
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| The founding and settlement of colonial Natal | |
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| Shepstone and African administration in Natal | |
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| Political developments in Natal to responsible government, 1893 | |
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| The arrival of Natal's Indians | |
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| The Cape, Natal, and the debate about liberalism | |
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| The Struggle for Possession | |
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| White and Black: The Struggle for the Land | |
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| The territorial confrontation: preliminary observations | |
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| Conflicts on the Cape's northern borders | |
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| The eastern frontier of the Cape Colony | |
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| The beginnings of contact between the Xhosa and the colonists | |
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| The sixth frontier war and the treaty system | |
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| The conflicts of 1846-53 | |
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| Sir George Grey and the cattle-killing of 1857 | |
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| The Thembu experience | |
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| The Gcaleka in exile: the war and rebellions of 1877-80 | |
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| The incorporation of Pondoland | |
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| Griqua conflicts with Settler States | |
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| The Cape-Kora wars | |
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| The Philippolis Griqua and their exile to Kokstad | |
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| The Griqua of Nicholas Waterboer, the land court and the rebellion of 1878 | |
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| Moshweshwe's Sotho, the Free State and the British, 1833-84 | |
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| The Rolong of Thaba'Nchu and the Orange Free State | |
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| Conflict on the eastern and northern frontiers of the Transvaal | |
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| The Pedi, the Boers and the British, 1845-83 | |
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| The Ndzundza, or Transvaal Ndebele | |
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| The Lovedu and the Venda | |
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| The Swazi and their 'documents' | |
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| The survival and overthrow of the Zulu monarchy, 1838-1906 | |
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| The frontier conflicts of the Tswana on the 'Road to the North' | |
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| The Tlhaping and Rolong | |
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| The northern Tswana kingdoms | |
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| The Khumalo Ndebele and the British South Africa Company | |
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| The role of the missionaries | |
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| The changing ownership of the land | |
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| The role of trade in colonial expansion | |
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| Empire and Republics: The Breaking of Boer Independence, 1850-1902 | |
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| Formal and informal Empire | |
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| The pursuit of the Voortrekkers | |
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| Republican independence: the Sand River and Bloemfontein Conventions, 1852-4 | |
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| The high commissionerships of Sir George Grey, 1854-61, and Sir Philip Wodehouse, 1862-70 | |
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| Sir Henry Barkly and the diamond fields, 1870-7 | |
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| Federal strategies, 1874-80: Carnarvon, Frere, Shepstone and the annexation of the Transvaal | |
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| Republican independence again, 1881-4: the Pretoria and London Conventions; conflict over Basutoland and the 'Road to the North', 1880-5 | |
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| The scramble for southern Africa: gold, railways and rival imperialisms, 1880-95 | |
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| Chamberlain, Rhodes, Milner and Kruger, 1895-9 | |
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| The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 | |
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| The Shaping of a White Dominion | |
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| The Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902 | |
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| The Cape and Natal in the post-war era | |
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| Milner and reconstruction | |
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| The Milner regime and South African blacks: the Lagden Commission, segregation and the Zulu rebellion of 1906 | |
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| Independent churches and the growth of African and Coloured political movements | |
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| Gandhi | |
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| The revival of Afrikanerdom | |
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| The Transvaal British | |
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| The move towards responsible government in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony | |
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| The formation of the Union of South Africa, 1908-10 | |
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| Black protest | |
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| The Consolidation of a White State | |
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| The Road to Afrikaner Dominance | |
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| Union under Stress: Botha and Smuts, 1910-24 | |
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| Louis Botha's accession to power and quarrel with Hertzog | |
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| The segregation strategy of the Botha-Smuts regime | |
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| The growth of African political opposition: the SANNC and the ICU | |
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| Indian affairs: the climax of the Gandhi-Smuts encounter and the defiance of Sapru | |
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| White worker resistance, 1913-14 | |
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| The invasion of German South West Africa and the Afrikaner rebellion of 1914 | |
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| South Africa in the Great War | |
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| Party realignments, 1915-21 | |
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| Smuts at Versailles, the South West African mandate and the bid to incorporate Southern Rhodesia and the Protectorates | |
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| Shadows over the Smuts regime, 1921-2: Bondelswarts, Bulhoek and the Rand Rebellion | |
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| The Nationalist--Labour Pact and the 1924 general election | |
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| The Afrikaner's Road to Parity: Hertzog, 1924-33 | |
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| 1924--a turning-point? | |
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| Dominion status, the flag crisis, and the Protectorates | |
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| Hertzog's policies for Asians and Africans | |
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| The general election of 1929 | |
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| The ICU and the ANC in the 1920s | |
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| The Great Depression and the politics of coalition and fusion | |
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| White Unity, Black Division, 1933-9 | |
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| The Fusion Government and the 'native bills' | |
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| The black reaction to Hertzog's 1936 legislation | |
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| The party split of 1934 and the rise of 'purified' Afrikaner nationalism | |
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| The foreign policy of the Fusion era | |
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| Smuts and the Liberal--Nationalist Confrontation, 1939-48 | |
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| South Africa and the Second World War | |
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| The Afrikaner Opposition, 1939-43 | |
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| Liberal reform initiatives and a polarised response, 1942-3 | |
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| The mineworkers' strike of 1946 and the Fagan Report | |
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| Xuma's ANC and the rise of the Youth League | |
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| 'CAD', 'Anti-CAD' and the Non-European Unity Movement | |
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| Durban's Indians and the 'Pegging' and 'Ghetto' Acts | |
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| The Nationalist victory in 1948 | |
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| The Age of the Social Engineers | |
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| Trek into the Wilderness, 1948-60 | |
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| The first purely Afrikaner government | |
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| The Coloured vote issue and new Opposition groups | |
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| The politics of the Defiance Campaign | |
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| Tomlinson, Verwoerd, and the ideology of apartheid | |
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| The Strijdom interlude | |
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| The defeat of the Coloured parliamentary struggle | |
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| Residential and cultural apartheid | |
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| Internal Combustion, 1956-64 | |
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| Rural resistance to the apartheid regime | |
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| The Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter, 1955 | |
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| The first of the major apartheid political trials | |
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| Verwoerd's 'new vision' and Macmillan's 'winds of change', 1959-60 | |
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| The ANC, the PAC, and Sharpeville, 1960 | |
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| The first republican referendum, October 1960 | |
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| Post-Sharpeville resistance: B. J. Vorster and the political underground | |
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| The murder of Dr Verwoerd | |
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| Modification and Backfire, 1964-78 | |
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| Living with the Tomlinson Report: industrial licensing and rural resettlement | |
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| The extension of Homeland self-government: the first reactions of Homeland leaders and liberal whites | |
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| Black Consciousness | |
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| The end of indirect representation for Coloured people, and the failure of the Coloured Representative Council | |
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| The Theron Report and Vorster's constitutional plans | |
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| The extrusion of the Hertzogites and the harrying of the Liberals | |
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| African movements in exile and the start of the liberation struggle | |
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| 'Soweto': the crisis of 1976-7 | |
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| The information scandal and the fall of Vorster | |
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| At the Crossroads, 1978-90 | |
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| P. W. Botha's political style and aims | |
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| The rigid application of population resettlement | |
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| The 'conspiracy' of gold and maize | |
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| Signs of a white backlash | |
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| Reactions to denationalisation in the Homelands | |
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| School boycotts, resurgent trade unionism, and the revival of Black Consciousness and ANC related activities | |
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| Confrontation about consensus: the constitutional debate, 1978-90 | |
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| The emergency of 1985-90, the rise of F. W. de Klerk and the release of Nelson Mandela | |
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| Salesmanship: Ethnasia contra mundum, 1945-90 | |
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| South Africa and the birth of the United Nations | |
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| The Malan-Strijdom era in foreign policy, 1948-58 | |
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| Dr Verwoerd and the outside world | |
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| Continuing confrontation in South West Africa and Angola, 1952-79 | |
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| South Africa and Rhodesian independence | |
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| Vorster: dialogue and detente | |
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| Economic sanctions, employment codes, disinvestment and boycotts | |
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| The Cape route, strategic minerals and oil | |
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| P. W. Botha, the 'constellation' concept and the SADCC: through destabilisation to the independence of Namibia, 1979-90 | |
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| Challenge and Response | |
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| A Search for a Promised Land | |
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| Towards the Sharing of Power | |
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| A Convention for a Democratic South Africa | |
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| Rolling mass action and a 'messy miracle' | |
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| A Democratic South Africa is born: constitutional changes, 1993-6 | |
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| A new approach to right and justice | |
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| Back to partying, 1995-9 | |
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| Foreign relations, 1990-9 | |
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| Towards the Sharing of South Africa | |
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| Land: the long road to accommodation | |
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| Changes in the mining of diamonds and gold | |
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| The delayed emergence of a nation of traders | |
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| The saga of the workers | |
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| The tortuous route to shared cities | |
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| Body, Mind and Spirit: A Quest for Humane Values | |
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| Health, welfare and physical pursuits | |
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| The difficult road to better education | |
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| A microcosm of cultures: faith communities and the transition to a democratic order | |
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| Truth and Reconciliation | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Heads of State, 1652-1999 | |
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| Party Representation in the House of Assembly, 1910-99 | |
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| Bibliographical Notes | |
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| Index | |