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| The Impact of Torture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mental Health Consequences of Violence and Traumatic Stress | |
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| Background | |
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| Conceptual and Definitional Concerns | |
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| Organization of the Book | |
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| References | |
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| The Survivors' Perspective: Voices from the Center | |
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| Torture and Related Trauma | |
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| Victim Versus Survivor | |
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| The Changed World of the Tortured | |
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| A Shroud of Guilt | |
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| Humiliation: How Could I Let That Happen? | |
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| Contamination: Evil Dancing Within | |
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| Misdiagnosis | |
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| Suicide: To Live or Not? | |
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| Faith: To Believe or Not? | |
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| Resilience of Survivors | |
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| Transitional Survival Skills | |
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| Reclaiming Control | |
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| Normalizing Life Through Denial | |
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| Therapy | |
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| Effects of Torture on the Family | |
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| The Culture of Denial | |
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| Research Recommendations From the Survivors' Perspective | |
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| References | |
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| Torture and Mental Health: A Research Overview | |
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| Prevalence of Torture | |
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| Physical Effects of Torture | |
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| Psychological Effects of Torture | |
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| A Review of Studies on Torture | |
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| Evidence for a Torture-Specific Syndrome | |
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| Social and Economic Consequences of Torture | |
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| Discussion and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Conceptual Models for Understanding Torture | |
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| Psychosocial Models | |
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| Learning Theory: Classical and Instrumental Conditioning | |
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| Cognitive-Behavioral Theories: Information Processing | |
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| Social-Cognitive Models | |
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| Social Support Models | |
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| Developmental Models | |
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| Learned Helplessness | |
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| Recommendations for Future Research | |
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| References | |
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| Neurobiological Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Alterations in PTSD | |
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| The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis | |
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| Stress Sensitization | |
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| Fear Conditioning | |
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| Enhanced Memory for Aversive Events | |
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| Other Considerations | |
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| References | |
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| Economic Models | |
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| Conceptual Framework | |
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| Major Analytic Questions | |
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| The Role of Economic Burden Measures | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Torture and the Trauma of War | |
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| Refugees and Asylum-Seekers | |
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| Scope of the Problem | |
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| Studies of Psychological Problems in Refugee Populations | |
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| Biological, Social, and Cultural Effects of Torture and Trauma | |
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| Research Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Veterans of Armed Conflicts | |
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| Scope of Participation in Armed Conflicts | |
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| Impact | |
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| Recommendations for Future Research | |
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| References | |
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| Former Prisoners of War: Highlights of Empirical Research | |
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| Worldwide POW Research | |
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| Course and Complications | |
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| Biological Correlates of Captivity Survivors' Impairments | |
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| The Captor-Captive Relationship and Coping | |
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| Recent Attention to U.S. POWs | |
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| References | |
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| Holocaust Trauma and Sequelae | |
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| Impact of Trauma | |
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| Individual Differences | |
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| Coping With Life Stresses Subsequent to the Trauma of the Holocaust | |
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| Protective Factors Facilitating Healing | |
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| Contextualizing the Holocaust Experience | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Survivors of War Trauma, Mass Violence, and Civilian Terror | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Trends in Trauma Assessment | |
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| Trauma as a Risk Factor | |
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| Comorbidity and Other Outcomes | |
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| Influences on Psychopathology | |
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| Research Recommendations and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Torture and the Impact of Social Violence | |
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| Rape and Sexual Assault | |
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| Focus of Section | |
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| Scope of Exposure | |
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| Impact | |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Other Psychological Outcomes | |
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| Neurobiological Findings | |
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| Cognitive Outcomes | |
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| Physical Health | |
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| Economic Impact | |
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| Social Functioning | |
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| Risk and Protective Factors | |
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| Research Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Homicide and Physical Assault | |
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| Scope of Exposure | |
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| Impact | |
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| Risk Factors | |
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| References | |
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| Children, Adolescents, and Families Exposed to Torture and Related Trauma | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Range and Prevalence of Trauma Exposure in Children and Adolescents | |
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| Nature and Course of Psychological, Physical, Social, and Developmental Consequences | |
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| Factors That Influence Vulnerability, Adjustment, and Recovery | |
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| Assessment and Intervention | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Domestic Violence in Families Exposed to Torture and Related Violence and Trauma | |
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| Does Exposure to Torture Detention; War-Zone, Political, and Ethnic Violence; and Refugee Resettlement Increase the Likelihood or Severity of Domestic Violence? | |
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| Are the Characteristics of Domestic Violence Different in Families That Have Experienced Severe Trauma? | |
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| Should Approaches to Treatment and Prevention of Domestic Violence Be Different for Families That Have Experienced Trauma? | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical Issues for Survivors of Torture | |
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| Assessment, Diagnosis, and Intervention | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Diagnoses | |
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| Intervention Issues | |
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| Specific Intervention Strategies | |
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| Community Approaches | |
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| Research Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Measurement Issues | |
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| Basic Principles of Measurement | |
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| Measurement Procedures | |
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| Measurement Instruments | |
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| Summary of Measurement Issues | |
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| References | |
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| Mental Health Services Research: Implications for Survivors of Torture | |
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| Structure and Organization of the Health Care System | |
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| Process of Care | |
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| Intended Outcomes of Care | |
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| Access to Care | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Professional Caregiver and Observer Issues | |
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| Therapist Reactions | |
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| Other Caregiver Responses | |
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| Ethical Issues in Torture and Trauma Treatment | |
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| References | |
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| Torture and Human Rights Violations: Public Policy and the Law | |
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| Definitions | |
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| The Law and Treatment and Services for Trauma Survivors | |
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| An Overview of International Human Rights Law Concerning Survivors of Torture | |
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| Addressing War Crimes and Other Massive Human Rights Violations | |
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| The Crime Victims' Rights Laws and Their Implementation | |
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| Reparations, Restitution, and Compensation | |
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| Restorative Justice | |
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| Implications and Policy Recommendations | |
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| References | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Summary of Selected Research Findings | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Index | |
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| Contributors: Biographical Information | |