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Preface | |
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Institutions: A Brief Excursion through History | |
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The Ancients | |
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In Between: Monasteries, Guilds, and Universities | |
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Early Modern Europe: Patents, Prizes, and Patrons | |
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Patents Come into Their Own | |
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Modern Patrons: Foundations | |
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Big Science and the Growth of Government Funding | |
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Modern Hybrid Institutions | |
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Conclusion | |
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Investing in Knowledge | |
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Intellectual Property: Tolls on the Information Highway | |
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Ideas and Innovations | |
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Prizes | |
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Choosing among Ideas | |
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Contests | |
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Efficient Investments in Knowledge | |
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Summary | |
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Technical Notes | |
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A Primer for Nonlawyers on Intellectual Property | |
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Patents | |
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Copyright | |
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Trade Secrets | |
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Miscellaneous Rights | |
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The Problem of Disclosure | |
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Breadth and the Required Inventive Step | |
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Intellectual Property and Antitrust | |
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Technical Note: Doing Legal Research | |
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On the Optimal Design of Intellectual Property | |
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How Profitable Should Intellectual Property Rights Be? | |
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Breadth as a Policy Lever | |
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Structuring the Profit: Length and Breadth | |
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Some Virtues and Defects of Patent Races | |
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The Role of Exemptions | |
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The Problem of One-Size-Fits-All | |
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Technical Notes | |
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Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Protecting Cumulative Innovators | |
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Three Types of Cumulativeness | |
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Basic and Applied Research | |
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Research Tools | |
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Quality Ladders | |
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Breadth and Inventive Step on a Quality Ladder | |
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Prospecting | |
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Summary | |
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Licensing, Joint Ventures, and Competition Policy | |
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Licensing for Productive Efficiency | |
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Competition Policy in the Innovation Context | |
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Ex Ante Mergers and R&D Joint Ventures | |
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Ex Post Mergers and Patent Pools | |
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Collective Rights Management Organizations and Compulsory Licensing | |
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Licensing versus Sale of Protected Works | |
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Technical Notes | |
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Litigation and Enforcement | |
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Evidence on Litigation | |
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Remedies for Infringement and How They Matter | |
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Enforcement of Copyrights by Technical Protection Measures | |
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Limited Sharing of Copyrighted Works | |
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Innovation Today: A Private-Public Partnership | |
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The Tangled Web of Funding Relationships | |
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University Innovation | |
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Government Innovation | |
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Mixed Private-Public Incentives | |
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The Government Grant Process | |
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The Virtues of Open Science | |
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Technical Note: Disclosure and Expected Time to Discovery | |
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The Value of R&D and Patents | |
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R&D and Productivity Growth | |
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Patent Data and the Private Value of R&D Spending | |
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The Skewed Distribution of Patent Values | |
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Summary | |
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Networks and Network Effects | |
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Direct Network Benefits | |
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Systems Competition and Proprietary Interfaces | |
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Physical Networks: The Internet | |
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Physical Networks: Cell Phones | |
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Technical Notes | |
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Innovation in the Global Economy | |
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Trade Policy and Treaties | |
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National Treatment and Efficient Protection | |
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Country-Level Optimal Protection | |
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National Autonomy and Protected Subject Matters | |
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Intellectual Property and the Public Domain | |
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National Autonomy and Trade Rules | |
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Externalities and International Cooperation | |
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Conclusion | |
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Index | |