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Preface | |
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The Auditory Scene | |
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Historical Difference between Auditory and Visual Perception | |
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The Problem of Scene Analysis | |
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Objects Compared to Streams | |
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The Principle of Exclusive Allocation | |
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Two Comparisons of Scene Analysis in Vision and Audition | |
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Auditory Streaming and Apparent Motion | |
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Gestalt Grouping Explanation | |
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Auditory Streaming versus Apparent Motion | |
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Scene-Analysis Explanation | |
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Closure and Belongingness | |
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Sequential versus Spectral Organization | |
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Perceptual Decomposition of Complex Sounds | |
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Horizontal and Vertical Processes of Organization | |
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Types of Explanation of These Phenomena | |
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Scene-Analysis View Prevents Missing of Vision-Audition Differences | |
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Differences in the Ecology of Vision and Audition | |
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Primitive versus Schema-Based Stream Segregation | |
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Verification Of The Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Sequential Integration | |
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Auditory Stream Segregation | |
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An Experiment with Artificial Words | |
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Previous Knowledge of the Streaming Phenomenon | |
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Early Scientific Observation | |
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Methodology for the Study of Stream Segregation | |
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Rationale for Recycled Sequences | |
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How to Measure Streaming | |
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List of Measures That Have Been Used | |
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Method of Adjustment. | |
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Method of Limits. | |
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Proportion of Time Integrated and Segregated. | |
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Rating Scale for Fixed Presentations. | |
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Pattern Recognition. | |
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Rhythm Changes. | |
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Drawing or Writing Down What You Hear. | |
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Judgment of the Order of Elements in a Repeating Sequence. | |
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Counting Tones. | |
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Factors Influencing Stream Segregation | |
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Frequency Separation and Rate | |
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What Property of Time Intervals Influences Streaming? | |
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What Are The Elements? | |
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How to Define Onsets | |
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Hierarchy of Time Scales with Properties Computed at Each | |
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Spatial Location | |
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Stream Segregation Based on Spatial Location | |
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Switching Signals between the Ears | |
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Spectral Frequency and Fundamental Frequency | |
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Timbre | |
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The Problem of the Definition of Timbre | |
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Nonanalytical Studies of Grouping by Timbre | |
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Brightness and Timbre | |
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Two Kinds of Spectral Constancy | |
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Beyond the Study of Steady-State Tones | |
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What Remains to Be Studied | |
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Timbre Space or Single Properties? Metameric Timbre | |
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Multidimensional Timbre Space | |
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Amplitude Differences | |
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Cumulative Effects Of Repetitions | |
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Explanations of the Cumulation Effect | |
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Continuity | |
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Trajectory-Based Integration | |
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Effects Of Streaming | |
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Focusing on the Stream as a Unit | |
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Computation of Within-Stream Emergent Properties | |
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Temporal Relations | |
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Recognition of Order | |
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Why Effects of Streaming on Order Perception Are Not Always Clear | |
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Other Measures of Temporal Relations | |
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Generation of Within-Stream Rhythms | |
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Perception of Overlap | |
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Effects on Gap Discrimination | |
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Effects on Apparent Rate | |
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Conclusions about the Effects on Temporal Relations | |
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Complete Loss of Across-Stream Information? | |
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Competition among Alternative Organizations | |
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Belongingness | |
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Experimental Data on Competition | |
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Validity of Competition | |
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Limitation of the Principle of Exclusive Allocation | |
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Summary of Effects of Streaming | |
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Stream Segregation and Vision | |
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Similarities with Vision | |
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Interactions with Vision | |
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Theoretical Explanations of Stream Segregation | |
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Scene Analysis and Other Forms of Explanation | |
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Physiological Hypotheses | |
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Functional Explanation | |
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Mechanistic Forms of Explanation | |
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Local Rules | |
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Global Rules | |
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Proximity. | |
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Similarity. | |
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Good Continuation and Completion. | |
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Organization. | |
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Context. | |
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Belongingness. | |
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The Perceptual Field. | |
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Innateness and Automaticity. | |
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Hierarchies in Auditory Organization | |
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Relation to Other Psychological Mechanisms: Attention | |
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Teleological Approach | |
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Formal versus Informal Theorizing | |
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Integration of Simultaneous Auditory Components | |
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A Miniature Scene-Analysis Problem | |
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Factors Influencing Integration of Simultaneous Components | |
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The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic | |
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Spectral Relations | |
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Properties of the Harmonics | |
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Harmonic Relations (Harmonicity) in Complex Tones | |
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Models of the Pitch-Analysis Process | |
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Theories of Pitch Analysis | |
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Listening to Inharmonic Partials | |
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Fusion and Segregation of Simultaneous Complexes | |
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Common Fate (AM and FM) | |
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FM: Parallel Changes in the Frequency of Partials | |
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Micromodulation | |
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Glides | |
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AM: Common Amplitude Change at Different Spectral Locations | |
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Onset-Offset Asynchrony | |
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Common Periodicity (AM) at Different Spectral Locations | |
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Amplitude Modulation of Subsets of Partials | |
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Comparison of AM and FM Effects | |
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Correlation of Auditory with Visual Changes | |
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Summary of Effects of Common Fate | |
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Spatial Correspondence | |
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Evidence That Ear Comparisons Must Be Frequency Specific | |
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Computer Programs That Use Spatial Correspondence | |
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Interaction with Other Cues in Determining Grouping | |
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Contribution of Perceptual Grouping to Perceived Location | |
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Interaction with Sequential Integration | |
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Interaction with Cues for Spectral Fusion | |
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Conclusion: Classical versus Organizational Cues | |
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Other Factors Affecting Fusion of Simultaneous Components | |
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Comparison between Fusion and Masking | |
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Comodulation Release from Masking | |
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Meaning of These Findings for Biology | |
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Perceptual Results of Simultaneous Integration and Segregation | |
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Examples of Within-Stream Computation of Properties | |
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Within-Stream Temporal Properties | |
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Streaming Rules | |
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Pitch | |
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Timbre | |
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Vowels | |
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Consonance and Dissonance | |
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What Is the Default Condition: Fusion or Decomposition? | |
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Reallocation of Intensity and Timbre Information | |
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The Consequences of Simultaneous/Sequential Competition | |
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Apparent Continuity and Contralateral Induction | |
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The Continuity Illusion | |
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Rules Governing the Generative Process | |
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The "No Discontinuity in A" Rule | |
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The "Sufficiency of Evidence" Rule | |
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The "A1-A2 Grouping" Rule | |
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The "A Is Not B" Rule | |
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The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic | |
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Examples Examined in the Light of Theory | |
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Continuity of Words and Musical Scales | |
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Integration as the Default Condition in the Auditory System | |
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Duration of the Softer Tone | |
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The "Roll" Effect | |
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Comparison with Vision | |
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Contralateral Induction | |
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Summary | |
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Schema-Based Segregation and Integration | |
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Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization | |
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Properties That May Distinguish the Two Systems | |
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How Do We Know They Should Be Distinguished? | |
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Does Learning Affect Streaming? | |
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Do Regular Patterns Form More Coherent Streams? | |
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Jones' Rhythmic Theory of Attention | |
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Does the Auditory System Track and Project Trajectories? | |
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Evidence That the System Does Not Project Trajectories | |
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Evidence That the System Projects Trajectories | |
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Trajectory-Based Integration of Streams | |
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Order of Unidirectional Sequences Is Easier to Report | |
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Results Explainable by Other Factors | |
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Comparison with Vision | |
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"Is Auditory Attention Inherently Rhythmical?" | |
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Regularity of Rhythm: Does It Promote Segregation? | |
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Evidence That Rhythm Favors Segregation | |
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Segregation Occurs with Temporally Irregular Sequences | |
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"Are Streams Created by Attention?" | |
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Auditory Organization in Music | |
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Musical Scene Analysis | |
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Melody | |
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Coherence of Melodies | |
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Phenomenal Dependency Based on Timing | |
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Effects of Melodic Absorption on Perceived Pitch | |
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Timbre (Cause and Effect) | |
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Timbre as Cause of Segregation | |
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The Description of Timbre | |
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Dimensional Approach to Timbre | |
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Timbre as the Result of Fusion | |
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Vertical Coherence and Counterpoint | |
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Segregation and Masking in Musical Ensembles | |
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Counterpoint | |
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Distinctness of Voices | |
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Spatial Separation | |
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Counterpoint and Dissonance | |
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Physical Causes of Dissonance | |
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How the Control of Roughness Can Be Accomplished | |
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Polyrhythm | |
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Polytonality | |
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Potential Offered by Synthesis Techniques | |
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Automatic Recognition | |
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Summary | |
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Auditory Organization in Speech Perception | |
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Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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Continuity of the Fundamental | |
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Spectral Continuity | |
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Spatial Continuity | |
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Are These Acoustic Continuities Enough? | |
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Simultaneous Organization | |
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Role of Harmonic Relations and F0 | |
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Two- Voice Research | |
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Split-Formant Research | |
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Harmonics in Nonoverlapping Frequency Ranges | |
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Scene Analysis in the Defining of Formants | |
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Computer Models for Segregation of Two Voices | |
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Common-Fate Cues | |
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Summary of Findings with Nonspeech Sounds | |
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Correlated Frequency Changes | |
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Frequency Modulation of Harmonics | |
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Segregation by Independent Movement of Formant Center Frequency? | |
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Correlated Amplitude Changes | |
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Sequential Capturing (Onset and Offset Asynchrony) | |
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Asynchronous Onsets Can Be Integrated | |
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Spatial Location Cues | |
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Segregation of Formants | |
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The Principle of Exclusive Allocation in Scene Analysis | |
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Claims and Facts about Duplex Perception of Speech | |
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Problems with the Claim that Speech Is Exempt from Scene Analysis | |
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When Is Exclusive Allocation Violated? | |
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Examples Involving Speech | |
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Multiple Allocation of Evidence with Nonspeech Sounds | |
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Music | |
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Violations That Do Not Involve Competition among Major Subsystems | |
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Violations with Pure-Tone Stimuli | |
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DPS Is Not Immune from Low-Level Organizational Factors | |
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Explanations of Violations of Exclusive Allocation | |
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How Unusual Is the Sharing of Evidence? | |
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Role of Schemas | |
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Two-Component Theory: Links and Schemas | |
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Piecewise Verification of the Theory | |
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Summary and Conclusions: What We Do and Do Not Know about Auditory Scene Analysis | |
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Summary of Previous Chapters | |
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Primitive Auditory Scene Analysis | |
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Sequential Integration: Auditory Stream Segregation | |
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Factors Influencing Stream Segregation | |
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Timbre | |
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Summary of Factors Promoting Sequential Grouping | |
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Effects of Stream Segregation | |
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Spectral Integration | |
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Factors Influencing Spectral Integration | |
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The Continuity Illusion and Contralateral Induction | |
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The "no discontinuity in A" rule. | |
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The "sufficiency of evidence" rule. | |
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The "A1-A2 grouping" rule. | |
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The "A is not B" rule. | |
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Schema-Based Stream Segregation | |
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Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization | |
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Tests of the Existence of a Primitive Process | |
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Does Sequential Grouping Take Advantage of Trajectories? | |
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Primitive Auditory Organization in Music | |
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Role of Primitive Organization in Music | |
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Melody | |
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Timbre | |
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Auditory Organization in Speech | |
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Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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Simultaneous Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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Duplex Perception and the Problem of Exclusive Allocation | |
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Directions for the Future | |
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Practical Applications | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |