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| Preliminaries | |
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| The Physical Setting | |
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| The Changing Climate of the Last 20,000 Years | |
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| The Dating Method | |
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| The Ice SheetsIce and SeaIce and Fresh WaterIce and AtmosphereIce-free Land: Refugia and Nunataks | |
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| The Fossil Evidence | |
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| Fossils | |
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| Microfossils | |
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| PollenSediment Cores and Pollen Diagrams | |
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| Dating: The Radiocarbon Method | |
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| Dating by Volcanic Ash Layers | |
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| Interpreting the Evidence | |
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| Some of the Problems | |
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| Interpreting Pollen Diagrams | |
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| Interpreting Geographical Range Maps: Animals | |
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| Interpreting Geographical Range Maps: Plants | |
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| The Migration of Vegetation | |
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| Shifting Zones of Vegetation | |
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| The Starting Conditions | |
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| Conditions in the Newly Deglaciated Land | |
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| The Invasion by Plants | |
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| The Renewal of Vegetation | |
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| Ecological Inertia | |
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| Photoperiodism | |
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| The Time of Maximum Ice | |
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| Eighteen Thousand Years Ago: Life South of the Ice | |
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| Large Mammals and Their Environments South of the Ice Sheets | |
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| Human Life South of the Ice | |
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| Plants South of the Ice Sheets | |
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| The Coasts | |
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| North America as an Extension of Asia | |
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| The South Coast of Beringia | |
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| The Western Edge of the Ice | |
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| The East Coast Plains and Islands | |
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| The East Coast Refugia | |
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| Beringia and the Ice-free Corridor | |
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| Beringia and Its Big GameHuman Life in Beringia | |
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| The Ice-free Corridor | |
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| Refugia Near the Ice-free Corridor | |
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| The Melting of the Ice | |
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| The Ice Begins to Melt | |
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| South of the Ice: Tundra | |
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| South of the Ice: Forest Parkland and Muskeg | |
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| Stagnant Ice | |
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| Superglacial and Ice-walled Lakes and Their Ecology | |
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| The Great Proglacial Lakes | |
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| Glacial Lakes Missoula and Columbia | |
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| Migration from Bergingia | |
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| Glacial Lakes Agassiz and McConnell | |
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| The Precursors of the Great Lakes and Glacial Lake Ojibway | |
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| The Rising Sea | |
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| The Sundering of Beringia | |
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| The Atlantic Shore | |
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| The Atlantic Coastlands | |
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| The champlain Sea | |
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| The Tyrell Sea | |
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| The Pleistocene/Holocene Transition | |
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| The End of an Epoch | |
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| The End of the Pleistocene | |
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| The Changing Forest | |
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| The Prairie Grasslands | |
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| Transition in the West: The Interior | |
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| Transition in the West: The Coast | |
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| Beringia at the Turn of the Epoch | |
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| The Great Wave of Extinctions | |
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| Extinction Waves: When, Where, and What | |
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| The Prehistoric Overkill Hypothesis | |
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| The Arguments against Overkill | |
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| Changing Environment Theories | |
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| Extinct Birds | |
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| Our Present Epoch, The Holocene | |
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| The Great Warmth | |
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| Some Northward Shifts of Northern Limits | |
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| The Hypsithermal at Sea | |
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| The Hypsithermal in the Mountains | |
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| Refugia from the Drought Human Life in the Hypsithermal | |
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| The Neoglaciation | |
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| The Spread of Muskeg | |
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| Increased Rain in the Prairies | |
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| The Shifting Ranges of Forest Tree Species | |
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| The Neoglacial and the Northern Treeline | |
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| Refugia Reestablished | |
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| Respites in the Neoglaciation | |
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| The Little Ice Age | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Names of Species: English and Latin | |
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| Names of Species: Latin and English | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |