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| A Cultural Approach to Child Development | |
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| Genetics and Prenatal Development | |
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| Birth and the Newborn Child | |
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| Infancy | |
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| Toddlerhood | |
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| Early Childhood | |
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| Middle Childhood | |
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| Adolescence | |
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| Emerging Adulthood | |
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| A Cultural Approach to Child Development | |
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| Human Development Today And Its Origins | |
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| Humanity Today: A Demographic Profile | |
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| Variations Across Countries | |
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| Variations Within Countries | |
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| The Origins of Human Diversity | |
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| Evolution and the Birth of Culture | |
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| Human Evolution and Human Development Today | |
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| Theories Of Human Development | |
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| Classic Theories | |
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| Psychodynamic Theories | |
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| Behaviorism and Learning Theories | |
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| Constructivist Theories | |
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| Recent Theories | |
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| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory | |
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| A Stage Model for This Book | |
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| How We Study Human Development | |
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| The Scientific Study of Human Development | |
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| The Five Steps of the Scientific Method | |
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| Ethics in Human Development Research | |
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| Methods and Designs in Research | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| Research Designs | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| CULTURAL FOCUS: Incredible India! | |
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| HISTORICAL FOCUS: Ancient Conceptions of Human Development | |
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| Research Focus: Darwin's Diary | |
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| Genetics and Prenatal Development | |
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| Genetic Influences On Development | |
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| Genetic Basics | |
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| Genotype and Phenotype | |
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| The Sex Chromosomes | |
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| Genes and Environment in Human Development | |
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| Principles of Behavior Genetics | |
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| Gene--Environment Interactions: Epigenesis and Reaction Ranges | |
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| The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects | |
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| Genes and Individual Development | |
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| Sperm and Egg Formation | |
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| Conception | |
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| Prenatal Development And Prenatal Care | |
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| Prenatal Development | |
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| The Germinal Period (First 2 Weeks) | |
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| The Embryonic Period (Weeks 3--8) | |
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| The Fetal Period (Week 9--Birth) | |
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| Prenatal Care | |
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| Prenatal Care in Traditional Cultures | |
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| Scientifically Based Prenatal Care | |
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| Teratogens | |
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| Pregnancy Problems | |
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| Risks in the Prenatal Period | |
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| Chromosomal Disorders | |
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| Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| Infertility and Reproductive Technologies | |
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| Causes of Infertility | |
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| Infertility Treatments | |
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| Infertility Worldwide | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| Cultural Focus: Oskar and Jack: A Story of Genes, Environments, and Cultures | |
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| Historical Focus: How Are Babies Made? | |
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| Research Focus: The Human Genome Project | |
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| Birth and the Newborn Child | |
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| Birth and its Cultural Context | |
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| The Birth Process | |
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| Stages of the Birth Process | |
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| Birth Complications | |
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| Cultural and Historical Variations in Birth Beliefs and Practices | |
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| Variations in Birth Beliefs | |
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| Variations in Birth Practices | |
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| Variations on Birth in the West | |
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| Cultural Variations in Neonatal and Maternal Mortality | |
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| The Neonate | |
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| The Neonate's Health | |
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| |
| Measuring Neonatal Health | |
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| |
| Low Birth Weight | |
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| Physical Functioning of the Neonate | |
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| |
| Neonatal Sleeping Patterns | |
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| |
| Neonatal Reflexes | |
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| Neonatal Senses | |
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| Caring for the Neonate | |
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| |
| Nutrition: Is Breast Best? | |
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| |
| Evolutionary and Historical Perspectives on Breast Feeding | |
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| Benefits of Breast Feeding | |
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| |
| Social and Emotional Aspects of Neonatal Care | |
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| |
| Crying and Soothing | |
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| Bonding: Myth and Truth | |
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| |
| Postpartum Depression | |
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| |
| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Focus: Easing Birth Among the Cuna Indians | |
| |
| |
| Historical Focus: The Tragic History of Doctor-Assisted Births in the 19th Century | |
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| |
| Research Focus: How Much Does Breast Feeding Matter? | |
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| |
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| Infancy | |
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| |
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| Physical Development | |
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| Growth and Change in Infancy | |
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| Bodily Growth | |
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| Brain Development | |
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| Sleep Changes | |
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| Infant Health | |
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| |
| Nutritional Needs | |
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| |
| Infant Mortality | |
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| |
| Baby on the Move: Motor and Sensory Development | |
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| Motor Development | |
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| Sensory Development | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage | |
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| |
| The Sensorimotor Substages | |
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| Object Permanence | |
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| Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Theory | |
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| |
| Information Processing in Infancy | |
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| Attention | |
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| Memory | |
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| Assessing Infant Development | |
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| Approaches to Assessing Development | |
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| |
| Can Media Enhance Cognitive Development? The Myth of "Baby Einstein" | |
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| |
| The Beginnings of Language | |
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| First Sounds and Words | |
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| Infant-Directed (ID) Speech | |
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| |
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| Emotional and Social Development | |
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| |
| Temperament | |
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| |
| Conceptualizing Temperament: Three Approaches | |
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| Goodness-of-Fit | |
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| |
| Infants' Emotions | |
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| Primary Emotions | |
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| Infants' Emotional Perceptions | |
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| The Social World of the Infant | |
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| Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life | |
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| |
| The Foundation of Social Development: Two Theories | |
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| Summing Up | |
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| |
| Cultural Focus: Infant Care in Rural Turkey | |
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| |
| Historical Focus: Protecting Infants the Puritan Way | |
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| |
| Research Focus: Measuring Temperament | |
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| |
| Toddlerhood | |
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| |
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| Physical Development | |
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| |
| Growth and Change in Years 2 and 3 | |
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| Bodily Growth | |
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| |
| Brain Development | |
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| |
| Sleep and (More) Teething | |
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| |
| Motor Development | |
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| |
| Socializing Physical Functions: Toilet Training and Weaning | |
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| |
| Toilet Training | |
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| Weaning | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| |
| Cognitive Development Theories | |
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| Cognitive Development in Toddlerhood: Piaget's Theory | |
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| |
| Vygotsky's Cultural Theory of Cognitive Development | |
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| |
| Language Development | |
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| |
| The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Language | |
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| |
| Milestones of Toddler Language: From First Words to Fluency | |
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| Learning Language in a Social and Cultural Context | |
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| |
| |
| Emotional And Social Development | |
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| |
| Emotional Development in Toddlerhood | |
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| |
| Toddlers' Emotions | |
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| |
| The Birth of the Self | |
| |
| |
| Gender Identity and the Biology of Gender Development | |
| |
| |
| One Special Person: Attachment Theory and Research | |
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| |
| Attachment Theory | |
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| |
| Quality of Attachment | |
| |
| |
| Critiques of Attachment Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Social World of the Toddler | |
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| |
| The Role of Fathers | |
| |
| |
| The Wider Social World: Siblings, Peers, and Friends | |
| |
| |
| Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Disruption in Social Development | |
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| |
| Media Use in Toddlerhood | |
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| |
| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| CULTURAL FOCUS: Toddlerhood in Aboriginal Australia | |
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| |
| Historical Focus: The History of Toilet Training | |
| |
| |
| Research Focus: Early Child Care and Its Consequences | |
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| |
| |
| Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| Growth from Age 3 to 6 | |
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| |
| Bodily Growth | |
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| |
| Brain Development and "Infantile" Amnesia | |
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| |
| Health and Safety in Early Childhood | |
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| |
| Motor Development | |
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| |
| Gross and Fine Motor Skills | |
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| |
| Handedness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development | |
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| |
| Understanding Thinking: The Development of "Theory of Mind" | |
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| |
| Cultural Learning in Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Early Childhood Education | |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Preschool Quality | |
| |
| |
| Cross-National Variations | |
| |
| |
| Preschool as a Cognitive Intervention | |
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| |
| Language Development | |
| |
| |
| Advances in Vocabulary and Grammar | |
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| |
| Pragmatics: Social and Cultural Rules of Language | |
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| |
| |
| Emotional And Social Development | |
| |
| |
| Emotional Regulation and Gender Socialization | |
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| |
| Emotional Regulation | |
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| |
| Moral Development | |
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| |
| Gender Development | |
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| |
| Parenting | |
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| |
| Parenting "Styles" | |
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| |
| Parenting in Other Cultures | |
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| |
| Discipline and Punishment | |
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| |
| The Child's Expanding Social World | |
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| |
| Siblings and "Only Children" | |
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| |
| Peers and Friends | |
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| |
| Media Use in Early Childhood | |
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| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Focus: Shyness in China and Canada | |
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| |
| Historical Focus: Beat a Child, Save a Soul | |
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| |
| Research Focus: The Montessori Preschool Program | |
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| |
| |
| Middle Childhood | |
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| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| Growth in Middle Childhood | |
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| |
| Physical Growth and Sensory Development | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition and Malnutrition | |
| |
| |
| Illness and Injuries | |
| |
| |
| Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| Gross Motor Development Fine | |
| |
| |
| Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Concrete Operations | |
| |
| |
| Information Processing | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence and Intelligence Tests | |
| |
| |
| Learning the Cognitive Skills of School: Reading and Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| Language Development | |
| |
| |
| Vocabulary, Grammar, and Pragmatics | |
| |
| |
| Bilingualism | |
| |
| |
| School in Middle Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Variations in School Experiences | |
| |
| |
| Learning the Cognitive Skills of School: Reading and Mathematics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotional And Social Development | |
| |
| |
| Emotional and Self-Development | |
| |
| |
| Smooth Sailing: Advances in Emotional Self-Regulation | |
| |
| |
| Self-Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Gender Development | |
| |
| |
| The Social and Cultural Contexts of Middle Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Family Relations | |
| |
| |
| Friends and Peers | |
| |
| |
| Work | |
| |
| |
| Media Use | |
| |
| |
| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Focus: School Socialization in Guatemala | |
| |
| |
| Historical Focus: Work Among British Children in the 19th Century | |
| |
| |
| Research Focus: TV or Not TV | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| The Metamorphosis: Biological Changes of Puberty | |
| |
| |
| The Physical Changes of Puberty | |
| |
| |
| The Timing of Puberty | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Responses: Puberty Rituals | |
| |
| |
| Health Issues in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Substance Use | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Piaget's Theory of Formal Operations | |
| |
| |
| Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Critiques of Piaget's Theory of Formal Operations | |
| |
| |
| Other Changes in Adolescent Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Information Processing: Selective Attention and Metamemory | |
| |
| |
| Social Cognition: The Imaginary Audience and the Personal Fable | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Adolescent Education and Work | |
| |
| |
| Schools: Secondary Education around the World | |
| |
| |
| Adolescent Work | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotional And Social Development | |
| |
| |
| Emotional and Self-Development | |
| |
| |
| Emotionality in Adolescence: Storm and Stress? | |
| |
| |
| Self-Development in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Gender Intensification | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Beliefs: Morality and Religion | |
| |
| |
| Moral Development | |
| |
| |
| Religious Beliefs | |
| |
| |
| The Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Family Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Peers and Friends | |
| |
| |
| Love and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Media Use | |
| |
| |
| Problems and Resilience | |
| |
| |
| Crime and Delinquency | |
| |
| |
| Depression | |
| |
| |
| Resilience in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| CULTURAL FOCUS: Apprenticeships in Europe | |
| |
| |
| Historical Focus: From Fasting Saints to Anorexic Girls | |
| |
| |
| Research Focus: The Daily Rhythms of Adolescents' Family Lives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Five Features | |
| |
| |
| The Cultural Context of Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Physical Changes of Emerging Adulthood | |
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| |
| The Peak of Physical Functioning | |
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| |
| Sleep Patterns and Deficits | |
| |
| |
| Risk Behavior and Health Issues | |
| |
| |
| Injuries and Fatalities: Automobile Accidents | |
| |
| |
| Substance Use and Abuse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Postformal Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Pragmatism | |
| |
| |
| Reflective Judgment | |
| |
| |
| Tertiary Education: College, University, and Training Programs | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Variations in Tertiary Education | |
| |
| |
| The Benefits of Tertiary Education | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotional and Social Development | |
| |
| |
| Emotional and Self-Development | |
| |
| |
| Self-esteem | |
| |
| |
| Identity Development | |
| |
| |
| Gender Development: Cultural Beliefs and Stereotypes | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Beliefs | |
| |
| |
| Religious Development | |
| |
| |
| Political Development | |
| |
| |
| The Social and Cultural Contexts of Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Family Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Friendships | |
| |
| |
| Love and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Finding Adult Work | |
| |
| |
| Social Uses of Media | |
| |
| |
| Summing Up | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Focus: The Young Men of Truk Island | |
| |
| |
| Historical Focus: Gender and Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Research Focus: Graduated Driver Licensing | |
| |
| |
| Epilogue | |
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| |
| Practice Tests Answer Key | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Credits | |
| |
| |
| Name Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |