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In This Section | |
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Brief | |
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Comprehensive | |
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Features | |
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Brief Table of Contents | |
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The Sociological Framework | |
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The Study of Minorities | |
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Culture and Social Structure | |
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Prejudice and Discrimination | |
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Intergroup Relations | |
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European Americans | |
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Northern and Western Europeans | |
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Southern, Central, and East European Americans | |
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Visible Minorities | |
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Native Americans | |
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Asian Americans | |
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Middle Eastern and North African Americans | |
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Black Americans | |
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Hispanic Americans | |
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Other Minorities | |
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Religious Minorities | |
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Women as a Minority Group | |
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Gays, People with Disabilities, and the Elderly | |
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Contemporary Patterns and Issues | |
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The Ever-Changing U.S. Mosaic | |
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Comprehensive Table of Contents | |
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Sociological Framework | |
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The Study of Minorities | |
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The Stranger as a Social Phenomenon | |
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Similarity and Attraction | |
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Social Distance | |
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Perceptions | |
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Interactions | |
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Minority Groups | |
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Minority-Group Characteristics | |
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Racial and Ethnic Groups | |
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Ethnocentrism | |
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In the United States | |
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In Other Times and Lands | |
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Eurocentrism and Afrocentrism | |
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Objectivity | |
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The Dillingham Flaw | |
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Personal Troubles and Public Issues | |
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The Dynamics of Intergroup Relations | |
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Sociological Perspectives | |
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Functionalist Theory | |
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Conflict Theory | |
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Interactionist Theory | |
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Retrospect | |
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Culture and Social Structure | |
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The Concept of Culture | |
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The Reality Construct | |
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Language and Other Symbols | |
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Cultural Change | |
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Cultural Diffusion | |
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Borrowed Elements | |
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Subcultures | |
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Convergent Subcultures | |
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Persistent Subcultures | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Stratification | |
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Social Class | |
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Class Consciousness | |
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Ethnicity and Social Class | |
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Blaming the Poor or Society? | |
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Family Disintegration | |
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Perpetuation of Poverty | |
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Criticism | |
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Intergroup Conflict | |
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Cultural Differentiation | |
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Structural Differentiation | |
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Ethnic Stratification | |
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The Power-Differential Theory | |
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The Internal-Colonialism Theory | |
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Challenges to the Status Quo | |
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Is There a White Culture? | |
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Retrospect | |
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Prejudice and Discrimination | |
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Prejudice | |
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The Psychology of Prejudice | |
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Levels of Prejudice | |
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Self-Justification | |
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Personality | |
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Frustration | |
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The Sociology of Prejudice | |
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Socialization | |
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Economic Competition | |
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Social Norms | |
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Stereotyping | |
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Ethnophaulisms | |
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Ethnic Humor | |
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The Influence of Television | |
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Perpetuation of Stereotypes | |
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Influencing of Attitudes | |
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The Influence of Advertising and Music | |
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Advertising | |
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Music | |
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Can Prejudice Be Reduced? | |
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Interaction | |
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Education | |
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Diversity Training | |
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Discrimination | |
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Levels of Discrimination | |
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Relationships between Prejudice and Discrimination | |
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The Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator | |
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The Unprejudiced Discriminator | |
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The Prejudiced Nondiscriminator | |
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The Prejudiced Discriminator | |
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Social and Institutional Discrimination | |
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The Affirmative-Action Controversy | |
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The Concepts of Justice, Liberty, and Equality | |
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Affirmative Action Begins | |
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Court Challenges and Rulings | |
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Has Affirmative Action Worked? | |
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Public Opinion | |
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Racial Profiling | |
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Retrospect | |
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Intergroup Relations | |
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Minority-Group Responses | |
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Ethnic- and Racial-Group Identity | |
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Avoidance | |
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Deviance | |
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Defiance | |
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Acceptance | |
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Consequences of Minority-Group Status | |
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Negative Self-Image | |
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The Vicious-Circle Phenomenon | |
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Marginality | |
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Middleman Minorities | |
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Dominant-Group Responses | |
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Legislative Controls | |
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Segregation | |
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Expulsion | |
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Xenophobia | |
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Annihilation | |
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Hate Groups | |
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Hate Crimes | |
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Exploitation | |
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Minority-Minority Relations | |
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Theories of Minority Integration | |
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Assimilation (Anglo-Conformity) Theory | |
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Anglo-Conformity | |
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Types of Assimilation | |
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Amalgamation (Melting-Pot) Theory | |
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Advocates | |
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Did We Melt? | |
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Accommodation (Pluralistic) Theory | |
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Early Analysis | |
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Pluralistic Reality | |
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Dual Realities | |
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Retrospect | |
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European Americans | |
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North and West European Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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The Colonial Period | |
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Cultural Diversity | |
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Religious Intolerance | |
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The Early National Period | |
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The 1790 Census | |
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Early Signs of Nativist Reactions | |
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Xenophobia | |
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Legislative Action | |
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The Pre���Civil War Period | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Xenophobia | |
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English Americans | |
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The DeParture | |
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Culture Shock | |
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Resisting Assimilation | |
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English Influence | |
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Dutch Americans | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Pluralism | |
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French Americans | |
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Marginality and Assimilation | |
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Francophobia | |
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Pluralism | |
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Louisiana French | |
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French Canadians | |
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German Americans | |
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Early Reactions | |
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The Second Wave: Segregation and Pluralism | |
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Societal Responses | |
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Cultural Impact | |
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Irish Americans | |
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Cultural Differentiation | |
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Societal Reaction and Finding Jobs | |
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Minority Response | |
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Actions and Reactions | |
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Labor Conflict | |
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Upward Mobility | |
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The New Irish | |
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Scandinavian Americans | |
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Ingroup Solidarity | |
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Ethnic Identity | |
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Social Realities for Women | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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South, Central, and East European Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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The Push���Pull Factors | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Societal Reaction | |
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Racism | |
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Americanization | |
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Xenophobia | |
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Legislative Action | |
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Slavic Americans | |
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Earlier Immigrants | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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Polish Americans | |
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Culture Shock | |
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Community Organization | |
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Polish Americans Today | |
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Russian Americans | |
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Life in the United States | |
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Xenophobia | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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Ukrainian Americans | |
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Earlier Immigrants | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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Hungarian Americans | |
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Labor Conditions | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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Italian Americans | |
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The Great Migration | |
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Societal Hostility | |
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Social Patterns | |
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Marginality | |
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Social Mobility | |
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Italian Americans Today | |
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Greek Americans | |
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Occupational Distribution | |
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Social Patterns | |
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Societal Reaction | |
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Greek Americans Today | |
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Romani Americans | |
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Cultural Differentiation | |
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Evasive Pluralism | |
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Immigrant Women and Work | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Visible Minorities | |
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Native Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Early Encounters | |
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Cultural Strains | |
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Differing Values | |
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Values and Social Structure | |
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Stereotyping | |
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Changes in Government Policies | |
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Indian Removal Act | |
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Expulsion | |
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The Cherokee | |
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Reservations and Dependence | |
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Indian Reorganization Act | |
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The Relocation Program | |
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The Termination Act | |
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Present-Day Native American Life | |
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Population | |
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Education | |
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Improvement | |
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Tribal Colleges and Universities | |
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Employment | |
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Tribal Enterprise | |
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The "New Buffalo" | |
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Health Concerns | |
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Suicide and Violence | |
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Alcohol Abuse | |
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Housing | |
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Natural Resources | |
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Environmental Issues | |
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Blackfeet | |
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Navajo | |
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Southern Ute | |
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Council of Energy Resource Tribes | |
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Environmental Racism | |
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Water Rights | |
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Red Power | |
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Pan-Indianism | |
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Militancy | |
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The Courts | |
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Bureau of Indian Affairs | |
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Urban Native Americans | |
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Cultural Impact | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Asian Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Cultural Attributes | |
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The Chinese | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Societal Reaction | |
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Legislative Action | |
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Avoidance and Segregation | |
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Social Factors | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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Socioeconomic Characteristics | |
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The Japanese | |
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Economic Competition | |
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National Policy | |
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Expulsion and Imprisonment | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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The Filipinos | |
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Early Immigrants | |
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The Scarcity of Filipino Women | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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The Koreans | |
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Early Immigrants | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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The Role of the Church | |
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Occupational Adaptation | |
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The Asian Indians | |
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Early Immigrants | |
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Societal Reaction | |
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Minority Response | |
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Recent Immigrants | |
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The Pakistanis | |
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The Vietnamese | |
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Cultural Differentiation | |
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Acculturation | |
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Other Southeast Asians | |
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Ethnoviolence | |
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The Model-Minority Stereotype | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Middle Eastern and North African Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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The Push���Pull Factors | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Societal Reaction | |
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Arab Americans | |
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Social Organization | |
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Residential Patterning | |
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Social Indicators | |
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Fighting Stereotypes and Group Blame | |
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Lebanese and Syrian Americans | |
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Ethnic Identity | |
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Migration and Settlement | |
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Culture Conflicts | |
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Early Patterns | |
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Upward Mobility | |
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The Contemporary Scene | |
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Egyptian Americans | |
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A Growing Wave of Immigration | |
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Settlement and Acculturation | |
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Iraqi Americans | |
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Homeland Influence | |
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The Contemporary Scene | |
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Palestinian Americans | |
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Homeland Influence | |
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The American Federation of Ramallah | |
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Community Life | |
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Iranian Americans | |
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Israeli Americans | |
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Push���Pull Factors | |
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Settlement Patterns | |
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Adjustment and Identity | |
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Turkish Americans | |
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Factors Against Immigration | |
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Societal Attitudes | |
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Settlement Patterns | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Black Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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The Years of Slavery | |
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Racism and Its Legacy | |
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Institutionalized Racism | |
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Immigration and Jim Crow | |
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Effects of Jim Crow | |
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The South | |
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The North | |
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The Ku Klux Klan | |
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The Winds of Change | |
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Desegregation: the First Phase | |
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Desegregation: the Second Phase | |
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Urban Unrest | |
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The 1960s Riots | |
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The 1980s Miami Riots | |
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The 1992 Los Angeles Riot | |
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The Bell Curve Debate | |
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Early IQ Tests | |
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IQ Test Performance by Other Groups | |
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Language as Prejudice | |
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Social Indicators of Black Progress | |
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Education | |
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Income | |
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Occupation | |
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Housing | |
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Redlining | |
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Residential Segregation | |
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Race or Class? | |
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The Black Middle Class | |
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The Black Poor | |
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The Racial Divide | |
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African and Afro-Caribbean Immigrants | |
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Afro-Caribbean Americans | |
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The Haitians | |
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The Jamaicans | |
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African-born Americans | |
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Cape Verdean Americans | |
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Nigerian Americans | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Hispanic Americans | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Structural Conditions | |
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Cultural Differentiation | |
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The Cosmic Race | |
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Machismo | |
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Dignidad | |
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Racial Attitudes | |
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Other Cultural Attributes | |
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Current Patterns | |
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Social Indicators of Hispanic Progress | |
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Education | |
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Income | |
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Occupation | |
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Mexican Americans | |
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Recruiting Mexicans | |
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Expulsion | |
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Violence | |
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Urban Life | |
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Stereotyping | |
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Chicano Power | |
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Current Patterns | |
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Puerto Rican Americans | |
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Early Relations | |
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The Push���Pull Factors | |
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The Family | |
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Religion | |
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Puerto Rican Communities | |
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Socioeconomic Characteristics | |
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Cuban Americans | |
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Migration | |
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Ethnic Communities | |
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The Contemporary Scene | |
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Cultural Values | |
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Caribbean, Central, and South Americans | |
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Dominican Americans | |
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Salvadoran Americans | |
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Nicaraguan Americans | |
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Colombian Americans | |
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Assimilation | |
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Education | |
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Family | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Other Minorities | |
| |
| |
Religious Minorities | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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| |
Catholic Americans | |
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Societal Hostility | |
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Values and Practices | |
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Religion | |
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Education | |
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The Contemporary Scene | |
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Jewish Americans | |
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Immigration Before 1880 | |
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Newcomers and Tension | |
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Anti-Semitism | |
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Upward Mobility | |
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Social Interaction | |
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Jewish Identity | |
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Mormon Americans | |
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The Early Years | |
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Values and Practices | |
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Family | |
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Education | |
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Religion | |
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| |
Economics | |
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| |
The Contemporary Scene | |
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Muslim Americans | |
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Values and Practices | |
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Confronting Prejudice and Discrimination | |
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Amish Americans | |
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Values, Symbols, and Practices | |
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Conflicts with Society | |
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Rastafarian Americans | |
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The Early Years in Jamaica | |
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From Outcasts to Social Acceptance | |
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Values, Symbols, and Practices | |
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The Contemporary Scene | |
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Santerüan Americans | |
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Values, Symbols, and Practices | |
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Santerüa in the United States | |
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Hindu Americans | |
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Values, Symbols, and Practices | |
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Hinduism in the United States | |
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Religion and U.S. Society | |
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Civil Religion | |
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Current Controversies | |
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Assimilation | |
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Sociological analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Women as a Minority Group | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Restrictions on Women | |
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The Suffrage Movement | |
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The Women's Liberation Movement | |
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The Reality of Gender Differences | |
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Biological Explanations | |
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Socialization and Gender Roles | |
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Childhood Socialization | |
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Advertising | |
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Immigrant and Minority Women | |
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Vestiges of White Ethnic Orientations | |
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Today's Minority Women | |
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Commonalities | |
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Social Indicators of Women's Status | |
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Education | |
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Employment | |
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Income | |
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Sexual Harassment | |
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Complaints and Actions | |
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Sexism and the Law | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Gays, People with Disabilities, and the Elderly | |
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Sexual Orientation | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Gay Genetics | |
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Homosexuality in the United States | |
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Stigma and Sanctions | |
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Tolerance and Backlash | |
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How Many Gays Are There? | |
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Public Attitudes About Homosexuality | |
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Current Issues | |
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Hate Crimes | |
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Same-Sex Marriages | |
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Gay Parenting | |
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People with Disabilities | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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Americans with Disabilities | |
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Legislative Actions | |
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Rehabilitation Act of 1973 | |
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | |
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Myths and Stereotypes | |
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Current Issues | |
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Old Age | |
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Sociohistorical Perspective | |
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The Graying of America | |
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Growing Diversity of the Older Population | |
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Demographic Factors | |
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Values About Age | |
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Myths and Stereotypes | |
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Mental Capacities | |
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Sexuality | |
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Current Issues | |
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Age Discrimination | |
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Economic Security | |
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Health Care | |
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Immigrant Elderly | |
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Sociological Analysis | |
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The Functionalist View | |
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Activity Theory | |
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Disengagement Theory | |
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The Conflict View | |
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The Interactionist View | |
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Retrospect | |
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Contemporary Patterns and Issues | |
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The Ever-Changing U.S. Mosaic | |
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Ethnic Consciousness | |
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Country of Origin as a Factor | |
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The Three-Generation Hypothesis | |
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The Changing Face of Ethnicity | |
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Transnationalism | |
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Social Capital | |
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Segmented Assimilation | |
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Naturalization | |
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Ethnicity as a Social Process | |
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Migration Patterns | |
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Symbolic Ethnicity | |
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Current Ethnic Issues | |
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Immigration Fears | |
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Jobs | |
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Wages | |
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Costs and Contributions | |
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Public-Opinion Polls | |
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Unauthorized Immigrants | |
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Language Retention | |
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Bilingual Education | |
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The Official English Movement | |
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Multiculturalism | |
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Diversity in the Future | |
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Social Indicators of Change | |
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Interethnic Marriages | |
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Interracial Marriages | |
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Racial Identity | |
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Religion and Migration | |
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Beyond Tomorrow | |