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Brief CONTENTS | |
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The Past Is a Foreign Country: Getting From Here To There | |
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Getting Started In Archaeology | |
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Putting the Picture Together | |
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Human Evolution | |
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Early Hominins | |
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From Homo erectus to Neanderthals | |
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The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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The Peopling of Australia and the New World | |
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Perspectives On Agriculture | |
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Towers, Villages, and Longhouses | |
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Mounds and Maize | |
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A Feast of Diversity | |
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The Development of Social Complexity | |
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Complexity Without the State | |
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Cities and Pyramids: Early States of Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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Enigmas and Diversity: Early States in Europe and Asia | |
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From City to Empire: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica | |
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Bringing the Four Parts Together: States and Empire in the Andes | |
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Epilogue Bringing It Back Home | |
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Appendices | |
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Glossary | |
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ReferenceS | |
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FIGURE AND PHOTO CREDITS | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |
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FULL CONTENTS | |
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Preface | |
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About the Author | |
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The Past is a Foreign Country: Getting From Here to There | |
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Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics | |
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Getting Started in Archaeology | |
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Reading the Landscape | |
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Survey Design | |
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Geological Factors | |
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Recovery Methods and GIS | |
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Excavation | |
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Horizontal Excavation | |
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Vertical Excavation | |
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Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space | |
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Recovery Methods | |
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Recording Methods | |
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Artifacts and Ecofacts | |
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FROM THE FIELD: the Author on His Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa | |
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Biases in Preservation | |
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Quantification and Sampling | |
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Counting Bones | |
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Counting Artifacts | |
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TOOLBOX: Ethnoarchaeology | |
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Creating a Chronology | |
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Comparison | |
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TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Dating | |
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Conservation and Display | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Community Archaeology | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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Putting the Picture Together | |
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Origins of Archaeology | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Thomas Jefferson, the Archaeologist | |
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The Emergence of Archaeology | |
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Organizing Time | |
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The Establishment of Human Antiquity | |
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Imperial Archaeology | |
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Developing Method and Theory | |
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Stratigraphic Method and Culture History | |
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Gordon Childe | |
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Archaeology as Science | |
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Developing Scientific Methods | |
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The New Archaeology | |
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Systems Theory | |
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TOOLBOX: Faunal Analysis and Taphonomy | |
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Alternative Perspectives | |
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Postprocessual Archaeology | |
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Gender and Agency | |
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TOOLBOX: Archaeoacoustics | |
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Evolutionary Archaeology | |
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Archaeology at the Trowel's Edge | |
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FROM THE FIELD: Different Views of a Site, by Peter Robertshaw | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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Human Evolution | |
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Introduction: Our Place in Nature | |
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Early Hominins | |
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The Fossil Record | |
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The Early Hominin Radiation | |
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Setting the Scene | |
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The East African Rift Valley | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Fraud���Piltdown and Kama-takamori | |
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Lower Paleolithic | |
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FROM THE FIELD: Following the Footsteps of Our Ancestors, by Andrew Du | |
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TOOLBOX: Stone Tools 69 | |
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The Origin of Tool Use | |
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Tool Use by Animals | |
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The Archaeological Evidence | |
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Hunting and Sharing Food | |
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Were They Hunters? | |
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TOOLBOX: Dating Early Hominin Sites | |
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Living Floors and Base Camps | |
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The Use of Fire | |
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The Expansion of the Hominin World | |
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Ubeidiya and Dmanisi | |
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East Asia | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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Summary 83 Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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FROM Homo erectus TO NEANDERTHALS | |
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Defining the Ice Age | |
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Before the Neanderthals | |
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The Initial Occupation of Western Europe | |
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The Acheulian Problem | |
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Beyond Stone Tools | |
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Neanderthals | |
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Neanderthal Genetics | |
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Chronology and Ecology | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Religion and Evolution | |
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Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and Adaptation | |
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Stone Tools | |
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TOOLBOX: Cha ne Opÿratoire and the Levallois Method | |
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Hunting | |
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Site Organization and the Use of Fire | |
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Treatment of the Dead | |
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TOOLBOX: Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology | |
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FROM THE FIELD: A Paleoepiphany, by Lynne A. SchePartz | |
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Artwork | |
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Neanderthal Society | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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What Is a Modern Human? | |
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Early Modern Humans in Africa | |
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The African Middle Stone Age | |
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FROM THE FIELD: the Strange Case of the Grimaldi Figurines, by Michael S. Bisson | |
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Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic | |
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Early Modern Humans in the Middle East | |
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The Archaeological Record | |
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Chronology | |
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Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern | |
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TOOLBOX: Luminescence Dating | |
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The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe and the Fate of the Neanderthals | |
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The Fossil Record | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Modern Human Origins and Questions of Race | |
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Genetic Evidence | |
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Archaeological Evidence | |
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The Last Neanderthals | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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The Upper Paleolithic | |
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Chronology | |
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Stone and Bone Tools | |
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Human Burials | |
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TOOLBOX: Use Wear Analysis | |
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Artwork | |
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Site Structure | |
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Subsistence | |
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Explaining the Upper Paleolithic | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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The Peopling of Australia and the New World | |
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Modern Humans in East Asia | |
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Australia | |
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Dating the Earliest Human Occupation | |
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Megafauna Extinction | |
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Rock Art | |
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Voyaging On | |
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TOOLBOX: Experimental Archaeology | |
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The New World | |
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Clovis First | |
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TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Calibration | |
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Pre-Clovis | |
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Early Arrival Model | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Repatriation of Indigenous Burial Remains | |
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The Solutrean Hypothesis | |
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The Skeletal Evidence | |
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FROM THE FIELD: Mawlukhotepun���Working Together, by Susan Blair | |
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Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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Perspectives on Agriculture | |
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Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture | |
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Towers, Villages, and Longhouses | |
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Setting the Scene | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Political Borders and Archaeology | |
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Stage 1: Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran | |
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Technology | |
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Settlements | |
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FROM THE FIELD: the Author on His Fieldwork at Wadi Mataha | |
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Domestication | |
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Stage 2: the Natufian | |
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Technology | |
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Settlements | |
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Domestication | |
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Stage 3: the Early Neolithic | |
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Technology | |
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Settlements | |
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Ritual | |
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TOOLBOX: Harris Matrix | |
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Domestication | |
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Stage 4: Late Neolithic | |
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TOOLBOX: Paleoethnobotany | |
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Technology | |
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Settlement and Ritual | |
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Domestication | |
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Assessing the Neolithic Revolution | |
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The Spread of Agriculture to Europe | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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MOUNDS AND MAIZE | |
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Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica | |
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TOOLBOX: AMS Radiocarbon Dating | |
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Maize Agriculture in the | |
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American Southwest | |
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The Formative Period | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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TOOLBOX: Hand-Built Pottery | |
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Eastern North America | |
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The Indigenous Domestication of Plants | |
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The Adena and Hopewell | |
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Intensification of Maize Agriculture | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Who Owns the Past? | |
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The People Behind the Transition | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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FROM THE FIELD: "Towns They Have None:" In Search of New England's Mobile Farmers, by Elizabeth S. Chilton | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |
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A Feast of Diversity | |
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Africa | |
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Villages of Hunter Gatherers | |
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Pastoralists | |
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The First Farmers | |
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FROM THE FIELD: Ethiopian Farmers Yesterday and Today, by Catherine D'Andrea | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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New Guinea | |
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Clearing Forests and Draining Swamps | |
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TOOLBOX: Pollen, Phytoliths, and Starch Grains | |
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The Andes | |
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Domestication in the Andean Highlands | |
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Coastal Villages | |
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The Cotton Preceramic | |
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The Role of El Niuo | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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East Asia | |
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Early Pottery | |
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The First Farmers | |
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TOOLBOX: Residue Analysis | |
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The Development of Farming Societies | |
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Summing Up the Evidence | |
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ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Archaeology and the Environment | |
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Questioning the Neolithic | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Review Questions | |