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Preface | |
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Foundations of the Modern World | |
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The Age of the Renaissance and Reformation | |
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The Renaissance Movement | |
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The Humanist Movement | |
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Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), Pico della Mirandola | |
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The Soul of Man (1474), Marcilio Ficino | |
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The Political Life of Florence | |
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The Rule of Cosimo de'Medici, Vespasiano | |
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The Prince: "Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are" | |
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Niccoli Machiavelli | |
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The Reformation Era | |
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The Lutheran Reformation | |
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"How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?" (1517), Johann Tetzel | |
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Salvation Through Faith Alone, Martin Luther | |
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The Ninety-five Theses (1517), Martin Luther | |
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"Here I Stand": Address at the Diet of Worms (1521), Martin Luther | |
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The Edict of Worms (1521), Emperor Charles V | |
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In the Wake of Luther | |
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John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation | |
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On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544), John Calvin | |
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Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), John Calvin | |
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The Catholic Reformation | |
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Spiritual Exercises (1548), Ignatius Loyola | |
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The Council of Trent: Profession of Faith | |
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The Tridentine Index of Books (1564) | |
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"I Am the State": the Development of Absolutism in England and France | |
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The English Revolution (1649-1689) | |
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The Struggle for Constitutional Government (1650-1660) | |
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"The Mortal God": Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes | |
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The Instrument of Government (December 16, 1653) | |
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Cromwell Denies the Crown (May 8, 1657), Oliver Cromwell | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: Oliver Cromwell: the Lord Protector | |
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"To You Our Country Owes Its Liberties" John Milton | |
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"Guilty of Crimes for which Hell-Fire Is Prepared", Edward Hyde | |
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The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution (1660-1689) | |
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"A Force Sufficient to Defend Us from the Violence of Those Evil Counsellors", William of Orange | |
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The Bill of Rights (1689) | |
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The Absolutism of Louis XIV | |
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The Theory of Divine-Right Monarchy | |
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The Ideal Absolute State (1697), Jean Domat | |
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Politics and Scripture (1679), Jacques Benigne Bossuet | |
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The Sun King and the Practice of Absolute Rule | |
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"Vanity Was His Ruin", the Duke of Saint-Simon | |
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Letters to His Heirs: "Allow Good Sense to Act", King Louis XIV | |
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"A Frightful Plot": the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Duke of Saint-Simon | |
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The Artistic Vision: the Palace of Versailles | |
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"A Celebration of Greatness", Jean Colbert | |
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Visible Majesty, King Louis XIV | |
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"Dare to Know!": the Scientific Revolution | |
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Science and the Church | |
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The Heliocentric Statement (ca. 1520), Nicolaus Copernicus | |
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On the Movement of the Earth (1543), Nicolaus Copernicus | |
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Science and the Bible: "They Would Have Us Abandon Reason" (1615), Galileo Galilei | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: Galileo Absolved: the Resolution | |
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"Science and Faith Are Both Gifts from God" (1993) Pope John Paul II | |
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The Foundations of Modern Science | |
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The Advancement of Learning (1605), Sir Francis Bacon | |
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"I Think, Therefore I Am": Discourse on Method (1637), Renÿ Eescartes | |
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Against the Grain: On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) | |
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"A Motion, As It Were, In a Circle" William Harvey | |
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Principles of Analysis���Induction and God: Optics (1704) Sir Isaac Newton | |
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The Enlightenment and the Revolution of the Mind | |
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Thoughts on the Human Condition and Human Progress | |
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The Blank Slate of the Mind: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) John Locke | |
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Against the Grain: On Crimes and Punishments (1764) | |
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"The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number", Cesare Beccaria | |
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Thoughts on Religion | |
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God���"A Cause Contradicted by Its Effects": Common Sense (1770), Baron d'Holbach | |
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On Universal Toleration, Voltaire | |
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"If God Did Not Exist, He Would Have to Be Invented", Voltaire | |
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Thoughts on Education | |
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Introduction to the Encyclopedia (1751), Jean Le Rond d'Alembert | |
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"We Did Not Live Entirely in Vain" (1764), Denis Diderot | |
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Thoughts on Government: the Political Framework | |
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Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), John Locke | |
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The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Baron de montesquieu | |
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The Social Contract (1762), Jean Jacques Rousseau | |
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The Declaration of Independence (1776), Thomas Jefferson | |
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Thoughts on Women: the Social Framework | |
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Woman: "Especially Constituted to Please Man", Jean Jacques Rousseau | |
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A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft | |
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Thoughts on Commerce: the Economic Framework | |
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The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith | |
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The Era of Revolution | |
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"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!": the French Revolution | |
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Conditions of Society on the Eve of Revolution | |
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The Corruption of the French Court, Marquis d'Argenson | |
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"Ancient Oaks Mutilated by Time" , Marquis de Bouille | |
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The Grievances of Carcassonne | |
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Beggars, Rags, and Misery, Arthur Young | |
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The Outbreak of Revolution (1789���1791) | |
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"What Is the Third Estate?" (January 1789), the Abbÿ Aieyés | |
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Women of the Third Estate: "We Ask to Be Enlightened" (January 1789) | |
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The Tennis Court Oath (June 29, 1789) | |
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The Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) | |
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Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 27, 1789) | |
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Against the Grain: the Flip Side of Liberty | |
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Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791), Olympe de Gouges | |
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Reflections on the Revolution (1790), Edmund Burke | |
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The Radicalization of the Revolution (1792���1794) | |
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The Fall of Louis XVI (1792-1793) | |
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The Execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793), Henry Edgeworth de Firmont | |
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Proclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793) | |
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Reflections on Louis XVI, Mme Roland | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: A Revolutionary Reality Check | |
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An Update on the Political Rights of Women (1793) | |
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The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) | |
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"You Would Exterminate All Your Enemies by the Guillotine!" (December 20, 1793), Camille Desmoulins | |
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The Artistic Vision: Jean-Claude Marat: "The Martyr of the Revolution" | |
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The Death of Marat (1793), Jacques-Louis David | |
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"Virtue and Terror": Speech to the Convention (February 5, 1794), Maximilien Robespierre | |
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The Administration of Terror (June 10, 1794) | |
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The Execution of Robespierre (July 28, 1794), Durand de Maillane | |
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Paths of Glory: Napoleon and the Romantic Movement | |
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The Napoleonic Era (1796-1815) | |
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The Will to Power (1796-1802) | |
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On the Realities of Power (1796), Napoleon BonaParte | |
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Suppression of the Newspapers (1800) | |
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Articles for the Catholic Church (1802) | |
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The Imperial Mantle (1804-1806) | |
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"The Only Salvation Lies in Hereditary Power" (December 1804), Napoleon BonaParte | |
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Why the French Submitted to Napoleon's Rule (1804), Comtesse de Rÿmusat | |
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The Imperial Catechism (April 1806) | |
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Exile and Death: the Hero in History | |
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Napoleon in Exile: "We Stand as Martyrs to an Immortal Cause!", Napoleon BonaParte | |
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The Role of Great Men in History, G. W. F. Hegel | |
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Against the Grain: Beethoven's Eroica: "To the Memory of a Great Man" | |
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Portrait of Beethoven, Joseph Karl Stieler | |
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Ode to Joy, Friedrich Schiller | |
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The Romantic Movement (1780-1830) | |
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The Erlking, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | |
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Terror and the Macabre: Frankenstein (1818), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley | |
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The Artistic Vision: "The Tyrant of Europe" | |
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Ode to Napoleon BonaParte, Lord Byron | |
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The Third of May, 1808 , Francisco Goya | |
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"A World to Win!": the Industrial Revolution | |
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Rural and Urban Transformations | |
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The Dependent Poor (1795), David Davies | |
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"How Are Men to Provide for Their Families?": A Workers Petition (1786) | |
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The Urban Landscape | |
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The Factory System | |
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Sybil (1845), Benjamin Disraeli | |
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The Sadler Report: "Not Many as Deformed as I Am" (1832) | |
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Child Labor | |
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A Defense of the Factory System (1835), Andrew Ure | |
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Living Conditions | |
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The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), Friedrich Engels | |
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The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family, Friedrich Engels | |
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Reaction and Reform | |
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Against the Grain: the Horrors of the Slave Trade | |
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"A Scene of Horror Almost Inconceivable" , Olauda Eqiano | |
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"We Can No Longer Plead Ignorance", William Wilberforce | |
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Law and Liberty: the Liberal Truth | |
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The Iron Law of Wages (1817), David Ricardo | |
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The Chartist Demands (1838) | |
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A Middle-Class Perspective (1859), Samuel Smiles | |
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The Artistic Vision: the Social Perspective by Train | |
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Over London by Rail , Gustave Dorÿ | |
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Third Class Carriage , Honorÿ Daumier | |
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Visions of a New World: the Socialist Truth | |
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Utopian Socialism (1816), Robert Owen | |
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The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: A Papal Perspective: Rerum Novarum (1891) | |
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"A Yoke Little Better Than That of Slavery Itself", Pope Leo XIII | |
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Fatherland: the Power of Nationalism | |
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Volksgeist: the "Spirit of the People"(1815-1850) | |
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The Conservative Confession of Faith, Prince Klemens von Metternich | |
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Stirrings: the People and the Fatherland, Johann Gottlieb Fichte | |
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The Duties of Man, Giuseppi Mazzini | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: the Greek Revolution of 1820 | |
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"To Avenge Ourselves Against a Frightful Tyranny" | |
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Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1826), Eugéne Delacroix | |
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"A Moderate Amount of Happiness for All Men", Alexis de Tocqueville | |
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"A Great Outburst of Elemental Forces Had Begun", Carl Schurz | |
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The Political Unification of Italy and Germany (1850-1890) | |
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Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily (1860), Giuseppe Garibaldi | |
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Address to the Italian Parliament (1871), King Victor Emmanuel II | |
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"We Germans Fear God, and Nothing Else in the World" | |
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Speech to the Reichstag (1888), Otto von Bismarck | |
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Against the Grain: the Zionist Movement | |
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The Basil Program (1897) | |
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"Mark Them with Your Dead!": The Scramble for Global Empire | |
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"Send Forth the Best Ye Breed!": the Foundations of Imperialism | |
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Racism and the Corruption of Science | |
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The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin | |
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The Standpoint of Science (1900), Karl Pearson | |
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For God and Country | |
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The Mandate System: Britain's Duty in Egypt (1890) , Joseph Chamberlain | |
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"France Must Be a Great Country!" (1883), Jules Ferry | |
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Germany's Place in the Sun (1900), Kaiser Wilhelm II | |
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The White Man's Burden (1899), Rudyard Kipling | |
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"To Seek Another's Profit and Work Another's Gain" | |
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"Your New-Caught Sullen Peoples" | |
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Education in India: "The Intrinsic Superiority of Western Literature" (1835), Thomas Babington Macaulay | |
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Foreign Children, Robert Louis Stevenson | |
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"A Natural Inclination to Submit to a Higher Authority" (1893) | |
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Sir Frederick Dealtry Lugard | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror "The Judgment of Your Peers" | |
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The "White Man's Face": Terror in the Congo, Frederick Starr | |
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The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Brought Down to Date), Mark Twain | |
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Fin de Siécle: the Birth of the Modern Era | |
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The Woman Question and Anti-Feminism | |
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Seneca Falls Declaration (1848) | |
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"Sisters of America! Your Sisters of France Are United with You" (1851) | |
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Pauline Roland and Jeanne Deroine | |
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Against Woman Suffrage (1884), Francis Parkman | |
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"The Brain Weight of Women is Five Ounces Less Than That of Men" (1887), George Romanes | |
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Against the Grain: the Independent Woman | |
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A Doll's House (1879), Henrik Ibsen | |
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"This Is the Logic of Demons!", Josephine Butler | |
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"I Incite This Meeting to Rebellion" (1912), Emmeline Pankhurst | |
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The Revolt Against Reason | |
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Faith, Love, and Hope: "Enough! Enough!" (1887), Friedrich Nietzsche | |
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"God Is Dead!", Friedrich Nietzsche | |
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The Artistic Vision: the Insular World of Edvard Munch | |
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Scream (1893), Edvard Munch | |
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The Twentieth Century and Beyond | |
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The Great War (1914-1918) | |
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The Road to War | |
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The Celebration of War | |
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"Without War, No State Could Exist", Heinrich von Treitschke | |
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"Blind Obedience to Primitive Instincts" (1910), Norman Angell | |
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The Lamps Go Out Over Europe | |
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Statutes of "The Black Hand" | |
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Assassination at Sarajevo: the Plot and Murder (June 28, 1914) | |
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"The Sword is Drawn!" (August 18, 1914), Kaiser Wilhelm II | |
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"They Shall Not Pass": the Great War (1914-1918) | |
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The Horror of Battle | |
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The Battle of Verdun (February December 1916) | |
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The Battle of the Somme (July November 1916) | |
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No Man's Land, J. Knight-Adkin | |
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"What Are You Fighting For, Michel?" | |
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Against the Grain: Glory in the Skies: the Red Baron | |
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"An Englishman for Breakfast" Baron Manfred von Richthofen | |
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"On the Other Side of the Boundary" Ernst Udet | |
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It Is Sweet and Proper to Die for One's Country | |
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Five Souls W. N. Ewer | |
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A German War Letter: "One Blood-Soaked, Corpse-Strewn Field" Richard Schiemder | |
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The Artistic Vision: the Nightmare of Otto Dix | |
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Dance of Death in the Year 17: Dead Man Hill | |
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Aftermath: the Light That Failed | |
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"This Is the Way the World Ends" | |
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A German Soldier Returns Home: "A Complete Stranger" Anna Eisenmenger | |
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"If You Want to Endure Life Prepare for Death" Sigmund Freud | |
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The Russian Revolution and the Development of the Soviet State (1917���1939) | |
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The Provisional Government (March November 1917) | |
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"A New, Free Russia Is Born!": First Declaration of the Provisional Government (March 19, 1917) | |
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The April Theses (April 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
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The Bolshevik Revolution (November December 1917) | |
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The Overthrow of the Provisional Government: "A New Page in the History of Russia" V. I. Lenin | |
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"Little Good Is to Be Expected" (November 8, 1917) Izvestia | |
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Censorship of the Press (November 9, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
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Establishment of the Secret Police (December 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
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The Aftermath of Revolution (1917-1928) | |
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State and Revolution: the Transition from Capitalism to Communism (August 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
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"Days of Grueling Work" Alexandra Kollontai | |
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The Communist Emancipation of Women (1920) V. I. Lenin | |
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"Stalin Is Too Rude" (January 4, 1923) V. I. Lenin | |
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Stalin's Falsification of History (1927) Leon Trotsky | |
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The Development of the Totalitarian State (1928-1938) | |
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The Artistic Vision: the Soviet Creation of Belief | |
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Industrial Worker and Collective Farm Girl (1937) Vera Mukhina | |
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The Soviet Control of Society | |
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Industrialization: "Either Perish or Overtake Capitalistic Countries" (1931) Joseph Stalin | |
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Collectivization and the Liquidation of the Kulaks (1929) Joseph Stalin | |
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"For the Fatherland!" (1936) pravda | |
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The Purge Trials: "Traitors Must Be Shot Like Dirty Dogs!" (1938) Andrei Vyshinsky | |
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The Gulag: "Stalin's Sadistic Nature Thirsted for Blood!" (1938) | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror the Orwellian World | |
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"Power Is in Tearing Human Minds to Pieces" George Orwell | |
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Europe between the Wars: Fascism and the Nazi Rise to Power (1919���1939) | |
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The Legacy of World War I | |
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The Rise of Benito Mussolini | |
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"The State's Authority Was Ready for the Grave" (1922) | |
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The Fascist March on Rome (October 26, 1922) | |
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The Doctrine of Fascism: "This Will Be the Century of the State" | |
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"Germany in Her Deepest Humiliation" | |
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"I Resolved Now to Become a Politician" Adolf Hitler | |
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"Stabbed in the Back" (1919) Paul von Hindenburg | |
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The Treaty of Versailles (1919) | |
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The Weimar Republic | |
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Germany's Unstable Democracy: the Best and Worst of Times | |
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The Weimar Constitution: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Germans (1919) | |
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Inflation: "The Boiling Kettle of a Wicked Witch" Lilo Linke | |
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Hitler's Response to Germany's Problems | |
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The Nazi Program (1920) | |
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Nazi Political Rally Announcement (February 1921) National Socialist German Workers' Party | |
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Nazi Appeal and Victory | |
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Nazi Propaganda | |
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Nationalists, Socialists, and Jews (1930) Joseph Goebbels | |
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Free Germany! (1932) | |
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Nazi Victory by the Numbers: Elections to the German Reichstag (1924���1932) | |
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Chancellor to Dictator | |
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Decree for the Protection of the People and State (February 28, 1933) | |
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The Enabling Act (March 24, 1933) | |
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Law Against the New Formation of Parties (July 14, 1933) | |
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Law Concerning the Head of the German State (August 1, 1934) | |
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The Role of the Family in the Nazi State | |
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"Our Fanatical Fellow-Combatants" (September 8, 1934) Adolf Hitler | |
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"The Disenfranchisement of Women" Hanna Schmitt | |
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Hitler Youth: "Tough As Leather, Hard As Krupp Steel" Adolf Hitler | |
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Conversion and Resistance | |
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"Now I Know Which Road to Take" Joseph Goebbels | |
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"I Had Given Him My Heart" Kurt Ludecke | |
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Against the Grain: "Guilty! Guilty! Guilty!" | |
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Leaflets of "The White Rose" (1942) Hans and Sophie Scholl | |
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"The Abyss Also Looks into You": War and Holocaust (1939-1945) | |
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The Road to War (1938���1939) | |
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The Czechoslovak Crisis (September 1938 March 1939) | |
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"The Misery of the Sudeten Germans Is Indescribable" (September 12, 1938) Adolf Hitler | |
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"Czechoslovakia Has Ceased to Exist" (March 15, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
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"I Bitterly Regret What Has Now Occurred" (March 15, 1939) Neville Chamberlain | |
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The Invasion of Poland (September 1939) | |
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"Our Enemies Are Little Worms" (August 22, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
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"Everything I Have Hoped for Has Crashed into Ruins" (September 3, 1939) Neville Chamberlain | |
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Total War (1939-1943) | |
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The Battlefield and the Homefront | |
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Alone: "Their Finest Hour" (June 18, 1940) Winston Churchill | |
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The Battle of Britain: "So Much Owed by So Many to So Few" (August 20, 1940) Winston Churchill | |
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London Aflame! Mrs. Robert Henrey | |
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"A Date Which Will Live in Infamy" President Franklin Delano Roosevelt | |
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Women in the Factories: "My Hands Are as Smooth as the Steel I Worked On" Elizabeth Hawes | |
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The Jewish Holocaust (1923-1945) | |
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"The Jews Are the Cause of Our Misfortune!" | |
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The Jewish Peril (April 1923) Adolf Hitler | |
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"Not a Single Jew" (1932) | |
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"I Got You at Last, You Little German Girl!" (1938) Ernst Hiemer | |
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The Radicalization of Anti-Semitism (1938-1941) | |
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"Jewish Ghettos Shall Have to Be Created" (November 12, 1938) | |
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"The Annihilation of the Jewish Race in Europe!" (January 30, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
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"The Jews Are to Blame!" (1941) Joseph Goebbels | |
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The Final Solution (1942-1945) | |
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"A Complete Solution to the Jewish Question" (July 31, 1941) Hermann Goering | |
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The Wansee Conference (January 20, 1942) | |
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The Death Camps: "Work Makes You Free" | |
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Sites of Nazi Concentration Camps | |
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Genocide Rudolf Hoess | |
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The Pit Hermann Grabe | |
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Gas Kurt Gerstein | |
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Mobile Killing | |
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Nazi Medical Experiments Dr. Franz Blaha | |
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Commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoess | |
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Against the Grain: Jewish Resistance | |
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Nazi Problems in the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1, 1943) Joseph Goebbels | |
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The Destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1943) Jürgen Stroop | |
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Manifesto of the Jewish Resistance in Vilna (September 1943) | |
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Götterdammerung: the Final Destruction (1944���1945) | |
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The D-Day Invasions (June 6, 1944) | |
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The Paratrooper: "He Was Blown Away" Ken Russell | |
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The Assault on Omaha Beach: "I'm Hit! I'm Hit!" Harold Baumgarten | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror Fiftieth Anniversary of D-Day | |
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"When They Were Young, These Men Saved the World" President Bill Clinton | |
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The Vision at Sixty-Five President Barack Obama | |
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The Funeral Oration of Pericles Thucydides | |
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The Aftermath of War | |
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The Destruction of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Harry S Truman | |
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Nuremberg: the Crimes of the Nazi Regime Justice Robert H. Jackson | |
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The Existential Perspective (1956) Jean-Paul Sartre | |
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The Era of the Superpowers: Cold War Confrontation (1945-1990) | |
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Retrenchment (1945-1960) | |
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The Reconstruction of Europe | |
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The Marshall Plan (June 1947) George C. Marshall | |
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Program for the Welfare State: the Beveridge Report | |
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The Retreat from Empire | |
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Vietnam: "Determined to Fight to the Bitter End" (1945) Ho Chi Minh | |
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British Rule in India (1946) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU | |
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The Arab Nationalist Movement and Revolution (1958) Abdul Gamal Nasser | |
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The Cold War (1945���1990) | |
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The "Superpower" Rivalry | |
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The Soviet Victory: Capitalism Versus Communism (February 1946) Joseph Stalin | |
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"An Iron Curtain Has Descended Across the Continent" (March 1946) Sir Winston Churchill | |
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The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) Harry S Truman | |
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Marx Was Wrong: the Flaws of Communism (1953) Theodore White | |
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How to Spot a Communist (1955) | |
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Currents of Dissent | |
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The New Class (1957) Milovan Djilas | |
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"The Victory of Communism Is Inevitable!" | |
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The Secret Speech (1962) Nikita Khrushchev | |
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Prague Spring: the Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) | |
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"A World Turned Upside Down!": the Gorbachev Era | |
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Against the Grain: Cracks in the Berlin Wall | |
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"Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!" (June 12, 1987) President Ronald Reagan | |
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Perestroika and the Socialist Renewal of Society (September 11, 1989) Mikhail Gorbachev | |
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Gorbachev's Resignation: "This Society Has Acquired Freedom" (December 25, 1991) Mikhail Gorbachev | |
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The Dynamics of Change in the Contemporary World (1990-2010) | |
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Political and Economic Initiatives | |
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A United Germany in a United Europe (June 5, 1990) Helmut Kohl | |
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The Reconciliation of France and Germany (September 24, 1990) Franà ois Mitterrand | |
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"Czechoslovakia Is Returning to Europe" (February 21, 1990) VÃ clav Havel | |
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Communism: "Far Away from the Mainstream of Civilization" (December 31, 1999) Vladimir Putin | |
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Monetary Union: Europe's Global Role (1998) Lawrence H. Summers | |
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Ethnic Strife and Terrorism | |
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Ethnic Strife in Eastern Europe (April 15, 1994) Helmut Tuerk | |
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Crimes Against Humanity: "Ethnic Cleansing" in Serbia (1992) | |
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The Reflection in the Mirror: Balkan Crimes | |
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"We Are Witnesses to a Process of Death in the Balkans" (January 12, 1994) Pope John Paul II | |
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"We Wage a War to Save Civilization Itself" (2001) President George W. Bush | |
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The Islamic World and the West | |
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"Fanaticism Is Not a State of Religion, But a State of Mind" (July 11, 2005) Prime Minister Tony Blair | |
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"This Is Going to Be Freedom's Century" (March 29, 2006) President George W. Bush | |
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Turkey and the European Union (2009) President Barack Obama | |
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Against the Grain: the Future of the West | |
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"A New Beginning" (June 4, 2009) President Barack Obama | |
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"The Burqa Is Not Welcome in France": the Press Conference (June 6, 2009) | |
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President Barack Obama and President Nicholas Sarkozy | |