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| Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why This Book Was Written | |
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| Two Central Constructs | |
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| Why Study Developmental and Individual Differences? Common Themes across Chapters | |
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| Theories of Cognitive Development and Learning | |
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| Thorndike's Theory | |
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| Piaget's Theory | |
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| Schema Theory | |
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| Information Processing Theory | |
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| Vygotsky's Theory | |
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| Connectionist Theories | |
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| Memory | |
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| The Nature of Human Memory | |
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| Forgetting | |
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| Factors Related to Enhance Memory | |
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| The Development of Memory | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Higher-Order Thinking | |
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| Developmental Approaches | |
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| Definitional Approaches | |
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| The Transfer of Skills | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Motivation | |
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| The Nature of Motivation | |
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| The Development of Motivation | |
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| Individual Differences in Motivation | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Agechanges in Specific Subject Areas | |
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| Beginning Reading | |
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| The Nature of Skilled Reading | |
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| The Development of Skilled Reading | |
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| Individual Differences in Skilled Reading | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Reading Comprehension | |
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| The Nature of Reading Comprehension | |
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| Developmental Trends in Reading Comprehension | |
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| Individual Differences in Reading Comprehension | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Writing | |
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| The Nature of Writing | |
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| The Development of Writing Skills | |
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| Individual Differences in Writing Ability | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Mathematics Learning | |
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| The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge and Skills | |
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| The Development of Mathematical Skills | |
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| Individual Differences in Math Skills | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Scientific Thinking | |
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| The Importance and Nature of High-Order Scientific Thinking | |
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| The Development of Scientific Knowledge and Skills | |
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| Individual Differences in Scientific Thinking | |
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| Implications for Teaching | |
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| Social Studies Learning | |
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| Expertise in the Social Studies | |
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| The Development of Social Studies Knowledge and Skills | |
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| Individual Differences in Social Studies Knowledge | |
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| Instructional Implications | |
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| Explaining Individual Differences | |
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| Effect Sizes | |
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| Explaining Gender Differences | |
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| Explaining Ethnic Differences | |
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| Instructional Implications | |