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Abnormal Psychology: An Overview | |
| |
| |
What do we Mean by Abnormal Behavior? | |
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Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders? | |
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What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? | |
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| |
The DSM-IV Definition of Mental Disorder | |
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| |
How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? | |
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| |
Culture-Specific Disorders | |
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How Common Are Mental Disorders? | |
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| |
Prevalence and Incidence | |
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| |
Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders | |
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| |
Treatment | |
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| |
The Mental Health "Team" | |
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| |
Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology | |
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| |
Sources of Information | |
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| |
Forming Hypotheses about Behavior | |
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| |
Sampling and Generalization | |
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| |
Criterion and Comparison Groups | |
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| |
Studying the World As It Is: Observational Research Designs | |
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| |
Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies | |
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| |
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology | |
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| |
Studying the Efficacy of Therapy | |
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| |
Single-Case Experimental Designs | |
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| |
Animal Research | |
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| |
The Focus of This Book | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
Demonology, Gods, and Magic | |
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| |
Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts | |
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| |
Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness and Mental Discovery | |
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| |
Later Greek and Roman Thought | |
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| |
Abnormality during the Middle Ages | |
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Toward Humanitarian Approaches | |
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The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe | |
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The Establishment of Early Asylums and Shrines | |
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Humanitarian Reform | |
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| |
Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders | |
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Changing Attitudes toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century | |
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Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century | |
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| |
Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link between the Brain and Mental Disorder | |
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| |
The Development of a Classification System | |
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| |
Causation Views: Establishing the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder | |
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| |
The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology | |
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Summary | |
| |
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Key Terms | |
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| |
| |
Causal Factors and Viewpoints | |
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| |
Causes and Risk Factors for Abnormal Behavior | |
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Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes | |
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Feedback and Circularity in Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
Diathesis-Stress Models | |
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Viewpoints for Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
The Biological Viewpoint and Biological Causal Factors | |
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| |
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Imbalances | |
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| |
Genetic Vulnerabilities | |
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Temperament | |
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Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity | |
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| |
The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint | |
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The Psychosocial Viewpoints | |
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The Psychodynamic Perspectives | |
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The Behavioral Perspective | |
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective | |
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What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do | |
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| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
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| |
Early Deprivation or Trauma | |
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| |
Inadequate Parenting Styles | |
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| |
Marital Discord and Divorce | |
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| |
Maladaptive Peer Relationships | |
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| |
The Sociocultural Viewpoint | |
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| |
Uncovering Sociocultural Factors through Cross-Cultural Studies | |
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| |
Sociocultural Causal Factors | |
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| |
The Sociocultural Environment | |
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| |
Pathogenic Societal Influences | |
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| |
Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint | |
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| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
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| |
| |
Clinical Assessment | |
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| |
The Basic Elements in Assessment | |
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| |
The Relationship between Assessment and Diagnosis | |
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| |
Taking a Social or Behavioral History | |
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| |
The Influence of Professional Orientation | |
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| |
Trust and Rapport between the Clinician and the Client | |
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| |
Assessment of the Physical Organism | |
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| |
The General Physical Examination | |
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| |
The Neurological Examination | |
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| |
The Neuropsychological Examination | |
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| |
Psychosocial Assessment | |
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| |
Assessment Interviews | |
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| |
The Clinical Observation of Behavior | |
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| |
Psychological Tests | |
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Advantages and Limitations of Objective Personality Tests | |
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| |
A Psychological Case Study: Esteban | |
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| |
The Integration of Assessment Data | |
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| |
Ethical Issues in Assessment | |
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| |
Classifying Abnormal Behavior | |
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| |
Reliability and Validity | |
| |
| |
Differing Models of Classification | |
| |
| |
Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
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| |
Stress and Adjustment Disorders | |
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| |
What is Stress? | |
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| |
Categories of Stressors | |
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Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress | |
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Coping with Stress | |
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| |
The Effects of Severe Stress | |
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Biological Effects of Stress | |
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Psychological Effects of Long-Term Stress | |
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| |
Adjustment Disorder: Reactions to Common Life Stressors | |
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| |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment | |
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| |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Bereavement | |
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| |
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Divorce or Separation | |
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| |
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Reactions to Catastrophic Events | |
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| |
Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population | |
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| |
Distinguishing between Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress | |
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| |
The Trauma of Rape | |
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| |
The Trauma of Military Combat | |
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Severe Threats to Personal Safety and Security | |
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| |
Causal Factors in Post-Traumatic Stress | |
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| |
Long-Term Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress | |
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| |
Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders | |
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| |
Prevention of Stress Disorders | |
| |
| |
Treatment for Stress Disorders | |
| |
| |
Challenges in Studying Crisis Victims | |
| |
| |
What We Are Learning about Crisis Intervention | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders | |
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| |
The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns | |
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| |
Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities | |
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| |
Specific Phobias | |
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| |
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia | |
| |
| |
Age of Onset and Gender Differences in Specific Phobias | |
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| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
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| |
Genetic and Temperamental Causal Factors | |
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| |
Treating Specific Phobias | |
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| |
Social Phobias | |
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| |
Interaction of Psychosocial and Biological Causal Factors | |
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| |
Treating Social Phobias | |
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| |
Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia | |
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| |
Panic Disorder | |
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| |
Agoraphobia | |
| |
| |
Prevalence, Gender, and Age of Onset of Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia | |
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| |
Comorbidity with Other Disorders | |
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| |
The Timing of a First Panic Attack | |
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| |
Biological Causal Factors | |
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| |
Behavioral and Cognitive Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia | |
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| |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | |
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| |
General Characteristics | |
| |
| |
Prevalence and Age of Onset | |
| |
| |
Comorbidity with Other Disorders | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Biological Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder | |
| |
| |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
| |
| |
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Comorbidity | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of OCD | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Biological Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Causal Factors for All Anxiety Disorders | |
| |
| |
Cultural Differences in Sources of Worry | |
| |
| |
Taijin Kyofusho | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Mood Disorders and Suicide | |
| |
| |
What are Mood Disorders? | |
| |
| |
The Prevalence of Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
Unipolar Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
Depressions That Are Not Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
Dysthymic Disorder | |
| |
| |
Major Depressive Disorder | |
| |
| |
Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders | |
| |
| |
Biological Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Bipolar Disorders | |
| |
| |
Cyclothymic Disorder | |
| |
| |
Bipolar Disorders (I and II) | |
| |
| |
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder | |
| |
| |
Biological Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders | |
| |
| |
Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms | |
| |
| |
Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence | |
| |
| |
Demographic Differences in the United States | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Pharmacotherapy | |
| |
| |
Alternative Biological Treatments | |
| |
| |
Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
Suicide | |
| |
| |
The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern | |
| |
| |
Suicidal Ambivalence | |
| |
| |
Suicide Prevention and Intervention | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders | |
| |
| |
Somatoform Disorders | |
| |
| |
Hypochondriasis | |
| |
| |
Somatization Disorder | |
| |
| |
Pain Disorder | |
| |
| |
Conversion Disorder | |
| |
| |
Body Dysmorphic Disorder | |
| |
| |
Dissociative Disorders | |
| |
| |
Depersonalization Disorder | |
| |
| |
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue | |
| |
| |
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | |
| |
| |
General Sociocultural Causal Factors in Dissociative Disorders | |
| |
| |
Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Eating Disorders and Obesity | |
| |
| |
Clinical Aspects of Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
Anorexia Nervosa | |
| |
| |
Bulimia Nervosa | |
| |
| |
Age of Onset and Gender Differences | |
| |
| |
Medical Complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa | |
| |
| |
Other Forms of Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
Distinguishing among Diagnoses | |
| |
| |
Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms of Psychopathology | |
| |
| |
Prevalence of Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
Eating Disorders across Cultures | |
| |
| |
Course and Outcome | |
| |
| |
Risk and Causal Factors in Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
Biological Factors | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Factors | |
| |
| |
Family Influences | |
| |
| |
Individual Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
Treating Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
Treating Anorexia Nervosa | |
| |
| |
Treating Bulimia Nervosa | |
| |
| |
Treating Binge-Eating Disorder | |
| |
| |
Obesity | |
| |
| |
Risk and Causal Factors in Obesity | |
| |
| |
The Role of Genes | |
| |
| |
Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight Regulation | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Influences | |
| |
| |
Family Influences | |
| |
| |
Stress and "Comfort Food" | |
| |
| |
Pathways to Obesity | |
| |
| |
Treatment of Obesity | |
| |
| |
The Importance of Prevention | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Health Problems and Behavior | |
| |
| |
Psychological Factors in Health and Disease | |
| |
| |
Stress and the Stress Response | |
| |
| |
Biological Costs of Stress | |
| |
| |
Stress and the Immune System | |
| |
| |
Psychoneuroimmunology | |
| |
| |
Lifestyle Factors in Health and Illness | |
| |
| |
Health, Attitudes, and Coping Resources | |
| |
| |
Cardiovascular Disease | |
| |
| |
Hypertension | |
| |
| |
Coronary Heart Disease | |
| |
| |
What Psychological Factors Are Implicated in Cardiovascular Disease? | |
| |
| |
General Causal Factors in Physical Illness and Disease | |
| |
| |
Genetic Factors | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Factors | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Factors | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Biological Interventions | |
| |
| |
Psychological Interventions | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Approaches | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Clinical Features of Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Difficulties Doing Research on Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Categories of Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Paranoid Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Schizoid Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Histrionic Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Narcissistic Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Antisocial Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Borderline Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Avoidant Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Dependent Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Provisional Categories of Personality Disorder in DSM-IV-TR | |
| |
| |
General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Treating Borderline Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Treating Other Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy | |
| |
| |
Psychopathy and ASPD | |
| |
| |
The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
Causal Factors in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality | |
| |
| |
A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Addiction Disorders | |
| |
| |
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | |
| |
| |
The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | |
| |
| |
The Clinical Picture of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | |
| |
| |
Biological Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence on Alcohol and Other Substances | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Factors | |
| |
| |
Treatment of Alcohol Abuse Disorders | |
| |
| |
Drug Abuse and Dependence | |
| |
| |
Opium and Its Derivatives (Narcotics) | |
| |
| |
Cocaine and Amphetamines (Stimulants) | |
| |
| |
Barbiturates (Sedatives) | |
| |
| |
LSD and Related Drugs (Hallucinogens) | |
| |
| |
Ecstasy | |
| |
| |
Marijuana | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions | |
| |
| |
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia | |
| |
| |
| |
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry | |
| |
| |
Sexual and Gender Variants | |
| |
| |
The Paraphilias | |
| |
| |
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias | |
| |
| |
Gender Identity Disorders | |
| |
| |
Sexual Abuse | |
| |
| |
Childhood Sexual Abuse | |
| |
| |
Pedophilia | |
| |
| |
Incest | |
| |
| |
Rape | |
| |
| |
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders | |
| |
| |
Sexual Dysfunctions | |
| |
| |
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire | |
| |
| |
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal | |
| |
| |
Orgasmic Disorders | |
| |
| |
Dysfunctions Involving Sexual Pain | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders | |
| |
| |
Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct | |
| |
| |
The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
Delusions | |
| |
| |
Hallucinations | |
| |
| |
Disorganized Speech | |
| |
| |
Disorganized and Catatonic Behavior | |
| |
| |
Negative Symptoms | |
| |
| |
Subtypes of Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
Paranoid Type | |
| |
| |
Disorganized Type | |
| |
| |
Catatonic Type | |
| |
| |
Undifferentiated Type | |
| |
| |
Residual Type | |
| |
| |
Other Psychotic Disorders | |
| |
| |
What Causes Schizophrenia? | |
| |
| |
Genetic Aspects | |
| |
| |
Prenatal Exposures | |
| |
| |
Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis | |
| |
| |
A Neurodevelopmental Perspective | |
| |
| |
Biological Aspects | |
| |
| |
Neurocognition | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial and Cultural Aspects | |
| |
| |
Treatment and Clinical Outcome | |
| |
| |
Pharmacological Approaches | |
| |
| |
Psychosocial Approaches | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Cognitive Disorders | |
| |
| |
Brain Impairment in Adults | |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Issues | |
| |
| |
Clinical Signs of Brain Damage | |
| |
| |
Diffuse versus Focal Damage | |
| |
| |
The Neuropsychology/Psychopathology Interaction | |
| |
| |
Delirium | |
| |
| |
Clinical Presentation | |
| |
| |
Treatment and Outcome | |
| |
| |
Dementia | |
| |
| |
Alzheimer's Disease | |
| |
| |
Dementia from HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
Vascular Dementia | |
| |
| |
Amnestic Syndrome | |
| |
| |
Disorders Involving Head Injury | |
| |
| |
The Clinical Picture | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence | |
| |
| |
Maladaptive Behavior in Different Life Periods | |
| |
| |
Varying Clinical Pictures | |
| |
| |
Special Vulnerabilities of Young Children | |
| |
| |
The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders | |
| |
| |
Common Disorders of Childhood | |
| |
| |
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | |
| |
| |
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder | |
| |
| |
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence | |
| |
| |
Childhood Depression | |
| |
| |
Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics | |
| |
| |
Pervasive Developmental Disorders | |
| |
| |
Autism | |
| |
| |
Learning Disabilities and Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Learning Disabilities | |
| |
| |
Causal Factors in Learning Disabilities | |
| |
| |
Treatments and Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Brain Defects in Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
Organic Retardation Syndromes | |
| |
| |
Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention | |
| |
| |
Planning Better Programs to Help Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
Special Factors Associated with Treatment for Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
Child Advocacy Programs | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Therapy | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Treatment | |
| |
| |
Why Do People Seek Therapy? | |
| |
| |
Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services? | |
| |
| |
The Therapeutic Relationship | |
| |
| |
Measuring Success in Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
Objectifying and Quantifying Change | |
| |
| |
Would Change Occur Anyway? | |
| |
| |
Can Therapy Be Harmful? | |
| |
| |
What Therapeutic Approaches Should be Used? | |
| |
| |
Evidence-Based Treatments | |
| |
| |
Medication or Psychotherapy? | |
| |
| |
Combined Treatments | |
| |
| |
Pharmacological Approaches to Treatment | |
| |
| |
Antipsychotic Drugs | |
| |
| |
Antidepressant Drugs | |
| |
| |
Antianxiety Drugs | |
| |
| |
Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs | |
| |
| |
Electroconvulsive Therapy | |
| |
| |
Neurosurgery | |
| |
| |
Psychological Approaches to Treatment | |
| |
| |
Behavior Therapy | |
| |
| |
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy | |
| |
| |
Humanistic-Experiential Therapies | |
| |
| |
Psychodynamic Therapies | |
| |
| |
Marital and Family Therapy | |
| |
| |
Eclecticism and Integration | |
| |
| |
Psychotherapy and Society | |
| |
| |
Social Values and Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity | |
| |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology | |
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Perspectives on Prevention | |
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Universal Interventions | |
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Selective Interventions | |
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Indicated Interventions | |
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The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community | |
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Deinstitutionalization | |
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Controversial Legal Issues and the Mentally Disordered | |
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The Commitment Process | |
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Assessment of "Dangerousness" | |
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The Insanity Defense | |
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Organized Efforts for Mental Health | |
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U.S. Efforts for Mental Health | |
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International Efforts for Mental Health | |
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Challenges for the Future | |
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The Need for Planning | |
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The Individual's Contribution | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Credits | |
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Name Index | |
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Subject Index | |