| |
| |
| In Memory of Marvin Harris | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Five Fields of Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| What Is Distinctive about Cultural Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| Holism | |
| |
| |
| Fieldwork and Participant Observation | |
| |
| |
| Ethnography | |
| |
| |
| Ethnology | |
| |
| |
| Anthropology and Science | |
| |
| |
| Why Study Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Ethnography and Culture | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Definitions of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Society, Subculture, and Sociocultural System | |
| |
| |
| Enculturation | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Relativism | |
| |
| |
| Science and the Relativity of Truth | |
| |
| |
| Limitations of the Enculturation Concept | |
| |
| |
| Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| Fieldwork and the Mental and Behavioral Aspects of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Emic and Etic Aspects of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Emics, Etics, and Sacred Cows | |
| |
| |
| The Universal Pattern | |
| |
| |
| The Diversity of Anthropological Theories | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Materialism | |
| |
| |
| Anthropology's Origins | |
| |
| |
| Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism and Social Darwinism | |
| |
| |
| Marxist Evolutionism | |
| |
| |
| Historical Particularism | |
| |
| |
| British Functionalism and Structural Functionalism | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Personality | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Biological Anthropology and Evolutionary Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Postmodernism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Shakespeare in the Bush | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: How to Ask for a Drink | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of the Capacity for Culture | |
| |
| |
| Genes and Natural Selection | |
| |
| |
| Natural Selection and the "Struggle for Survival" | |
| |
| |
| Natural Selection and Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Nonhuman Culture | |
| |
| |
| Tools and Learning | |
| |
| |
| Is It Culture? | |
| |
| |
| Apes and Language | |
| |
| |
| Cultural "Takeoff" | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Transmission | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Universal Features of Language | |
| |
| |
| Semantic Universality | |
| |
| |
| Linguistics: The Elements of Language Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Phonetics and Phones | |
| |
| |
| Phonemics and Phonemes | |
| |
| |
| Morphemes | |
| |
| |
| Syntax | |
| |
| |
| Language and Symbolic Representation | |
| |
| |
| Language Issues and Theories | |
| |
| |
| Innate Grammatical Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| Are There Superior and Inferior Languages? | |
| |
| |
| No, There Are No "Primitive" Languages | |
| |
| |
| Language, Thought, and Causality | |
| |
| |
| Linguistic Naming Categories | |
| |
| |
| Sociolinguistics | |
| |
| |
| Language and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Language, Social Class, and Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| Code Switching | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE African American Vernacular English (AAVE) | |
| |
| |
| Communicating Respect in Interethnic Encounters | |
| |
| |
| Linguistic Change | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Worlds Shaped by Words | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Conversation Style: Talking on the Job | |
| |
| |
| |
| Production | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Energy Production | |
| |
| |
| The Influence of the Environment and Ecology | |
| |
| |
| Carrying Capacity and the Law of Diminishing Returns | |
| |
| |
| Law of the Minimum | |
| |
| |
| Depletion and New Modes of Production | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Hunters and Gatherers-The !Kung San | |
| |
| |
| Major Modes of Production | |
| |
| |
| Hunting and Gathering | |
| |
| |
| Horticulture | |
| |
| |
| The Problem of Meat | |
| |
| |
| Plow Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Slash-and-Burn Horticulture with Hunting and Gathering-The Machiguenga | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Plow Agriculture in Northern India | |
| |
| |
| Irrigation Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Irrigation Agriculture-Luts'un | |
| |
| |
| Pastoralism | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Pastoralism-The Turkana | |
| |
| |
| Energy and the Evolution of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Postindustrialism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Adaptive Failure: Easter's End | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproduction | |
| |
| |
| The Relation between Production and Reproduction | |
| |
| |
| Population Pressure versus Population Growth | |
| |
| |
| Preindustrial Reproductive Practices | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Fetuses and Children | |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Women | |
| |
| |
| Lactation | |
| |
| |
| Coital Frequency and Scheduling | |
| |
| |
| The Influence of Disease and Other Natural Factors | |
| |
| |
| The Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children | |
| |
| |
| Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Rearing Children | |
| |
| |
| The Poverty Trap | |
| |
| |
| The Contraception, Abortion, and Infanticide Debate | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Modes of Reproduction | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Indirect Infanticide in Northeast Brazil | |
| |
| |
| Women's Status, Education, and Fertility | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Raising Children in Rural China | |
| |
| |
| Fertility and the World's Most Expensive Children | |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Technologies, Embryos, and Designer Babies | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Mother's Love: Death without Weeping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Economic Organization | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Economy | |
| |
| |
| Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Generalized Reciprocity | |
| |
| |
| Reciprocity and the Freeloader | |
| |
| |
| Balanced Reciprocity | |
| |
| |
| Trade in the Kula Ring | |
| |
| |
| Redistributive Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Potlatches | |
| |
| |
| Reciprocity and Redistribution | |
| |
| |
| The Origin of Destructive Potlatches | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Complex Hunter-Gatherers-The Kwakiutl | |
| |
| |
| Stratified Redistribution | |
| |
| |
| Price Market Exchange: Buying and Selling | |
| |
| |
| Money | |
| |
| |
| Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| Property Ownership | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Primitive Capitalism? The Kapauku Case | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Work | |
| |
| |
| Emergent Varieties of Capitalism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Eating Christmas in the Kalahari | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Reciprocity and the Power of Giving | |
| |
| |
| |
| Domestic Life | |
| |
| |
| The Household and the Domestic Sphere of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Family Groups and the Mode of Production and Reproduction | |
| |
| |
| The Nuclear Family | |
| |
| |
| Polygamous Families | |
| |
| |
| The Extended Family | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Nyinba-A Polyandrous Society | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Traditional Chinese Extended Families-Costs and Benefits | |
| |
| |
| One-Parent Domestic Groups | |
| |
| |
| Marriage | |
| |
| |
| Is Marriage Universal? | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Flats | |
| |
| |
| Legitimacy | |
| |
| |
| Economic Aspects of Marriage | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE U.S. Household Organization-1970 versus 2000 | |
| |
| |
| Domestic Groups and the Avoidance of Incest | |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Exogamy | |
| |
| |
| Natural Aversion | |
| |
| |
| Motivations for Incest Avoidance | |
| |
| |
| Evidence of Incest Avoidance | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Family and Kinship in Village India | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descent, Locality, and Kinship | |
| |
| |
| Kinship | |
| |
| |
| Descent | |
| |
| |
| Kinship Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Cognatic and Unilineal Descent | |
| |
| |
| Kindreds versus Cognatic Lineages | |
| |
| |
| Unilineal Descent Groups | |
| |
| |
| Postmarital Residence Patterns | |
| |
| |
| Unilocal Residence | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Patrilocality | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Matrilocality | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Avunculocality | |
| |
| |
| Kinship Terminologies | |
| |
| |
| Inuit Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Hawaiian Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Iroquois Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Kin Terms Are Negotiated, Not Written in Stone | |
| |
| |
| The Changing Family in North America | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Uterine Families and the Women's Community | |
| |
| |
| |
| Law, Order, and War in Nonstate Societies | |
| |
| |
| Law and Order in Band and Village Societies | |
| |
| |
| The Subsistence Economy versus the Political Economy | |
| |
| |
| Primitive Communism? | |
| |
| |
| Mobilizing Public Opinion | |
| |
| |
| Shamans and Public Opinion | |
| |
| |
| Headmanship | |
| |
| |
| The Leopard Skin Chief | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Mehinacu-Maintaining Peace | |
| |
| |
| Nonkin Associations: Sodalities | |
| |
| |
| Warfare among Hunters and Gatherers | |
| |
| |
| Warfare among Sedentary Village Societies | |
| |
| |
| Why War? | |
| |
| |
| Yanomami Resource Scarcity | |
| |
| |
| Yanomami Trekking | |
| |
| |
| Warfare and Female Infanticide | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Yanomami-Warfare and Game Animals | |
| |
| |
| Warfare and Trade Goods | |
| |
| |
| Warfare, the Politics of Prestige, and the "Big Man" System | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Mae Enga-A "Big Man" Society | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Life without Chiefs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Origins of Chiefdoms and the State | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Political Systems | |
| |
| |
| From "Big Man" Systems into Chiefdoms | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE: The Suiai-"Big Men" and Warfare | |
| |
| |
| Infrastructural and Structural Aspects of Political Control | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Trobriand Chiefdoms-Ranked Leadership | |
| |
| |
| The Origins of States | |
| |
| |
| Ideology as a Source of Power | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Hawaii-On the Threshold of the State | |
| |
| |
| The State and Physical Coercion | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Inca-A Native American Empire | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| |
| Class and Caste | |
| |
| |
| Class and Power | |
| |
| |
| Emics, Etics, and Class Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| Class and Lifestyle | |
| |
| |
| Peasant Classes | |
| |
| |
| The Image of Limited Good | |
| |
| |
| Poverty | |
| |
| |
| A "Culture of Poverty"? | |
| |
| |
| Poverty in Naples | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Income Inequality | |
| |
| |
| Castes in India | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Poverty in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Caste from the Top Down and Bottom Up | |
| |
| |
| Is There a Ruling Class in the United States? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Office Work and the Crack Alternative | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethnicity, Race, and Racism | |
| |
| |
| Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Empowerment | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Diversity among Hispanic Americans | |
| |
| |
| Confronting Ethnocentrism | |
| |
| |
| Biological Races versus Social Races versus Ethnic Groups | |
| |
| |
| The One-Drop Rule | |
| |
| |
| Biological Race and Culture | |
| |
| |
| The Competitive Dynamics of Ethnic and Racial Groups | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Chauvinism | |
| |
| |
| Defining Racism | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Elmhurst-Corona-Joining Forces across Ethnic and Racial Lines | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Black/Korean Tension in South Central Los Angeles | |
| |
| |
| The Wages of Racism | |
| |
| |
| Why Africa Lags | |
| |
| |
| Multiethnicity in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Race, Poverty, Crime, Drugs, and Welfare in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Mixed Blood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sexuality and Gender Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Sex versus Gender | |
| |
| |
| Male and Female Sexual Strategies | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Mehinacu Extramarital Affairs | |
| |
| |
| Sex in Mangaia versus Sex in Inis Beag | |
| |
| |
| Restrictive versus Permissive Cultures | |
| |
| |
| Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| Male Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| "Two-Spirit" People | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Sambia Boy-Inseminating Rituals | |
| |
| |
| Female Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| Gender Ideologies | |
| |
| |
| The Relativity of Gender Ideologies | |
| |
| |
| Gender Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Variations in Gender Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Causes of Variation in Gender Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Hoes, Plows, and Gender Stratification | |
| |
| |
| Gender and Exploitation | |
| |
| |
| Gender and Hyperindustrialism | |
| |
| |
| A Theory of Gender Stratification Change | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Society and Sex Roles | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: A Woman's Curse? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Personality | |
| |
| |
| Freud's Influence | |
| |
| |
| The Oedipus Complex | |
| |
| |
| How Culture Constructs Personality | |
| |
| |
| National Character | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Japanese National Character | |
| |
| |
| Socialization Practices and the Mode of Production | |
| |
| |
| Male Initiation Rites | |
| |
| |
| Socialization of Children | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Childhood in Alor | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Social Environment on Children | |
| |
| |
| Adult Personality and Subsistence | |
| |
| |
| Schemas and Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| Depression | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Schizophrenia in Rural Ireland | |
| |
| |
| Culture-Specific Psychoses | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religion | |
| |
| |
| Animism | |
| |
| |
| Animatism and Mana | |
| |
| |
| Natural and Supernatural | |
| |
| |
| Magic and Religion | |
| |
| |
| The Organization of Religious Beliefs and Practices | |
| |
| |
| Individualistic Cults | |
| |
| |
| Shamanistic Cults | |
| |
| |
| Communal Cults | |
| |
| |
| Ecclesiastical Cults | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Nedembu Communal Rites of Circumcision | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Religion of the Aztecs | |
| |
| |
| Religion and Political Economy: High Gods | |
| |
| |
| Revitalization Movements | |
| |
| |
| Native American Revitalizations | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Melanesian Cargo Cults | |
| |
| |
| Religion and Society | |
| |
| |
| Incest Taboo | |
| |
| |
| Taboos against Eating Pork | |
| |
| |
| The Sacred Cow | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Taraka's Ghost | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Baseball Magic | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Cargo Beliefs and Religious Experience | |
| |
| |
| |
| Art | |
| |
| |
| What Is Art? | |
| |
| |
| Art as a Cultural Category | |
| |
| |
| Art and Invention | |
| |
| |
| Art and Cultural Patterning | |
| |
| |
| Art and Religion | |
| |
| |
| Art and Politics | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Music and Dance | |
| |
| |
| Verbal Arts | |
| |
| |
| Myth and Binary Contrasts | |
| |
| |
| The Complexity of Primitive Art: Campa Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Body Art as Visual Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applied Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| What Is Applied Anthropology? | |
| |
| |
| Research, Theory, and Action | |
| |
| |
| What Do Applied Anthropologists Have to Offer? | |
| |
| |
| Detecting and Controlling Ethnocentrism | |
| |
| |
| A Holistic View | |
| |
| |
| Etic and Emic Views of Organizations | |
| |
| |
| Applied Anthropology and Development | |
| |
| |
| Without Holism: Merino Sheep Fiasco | |
| |
| |
| The Haitian Agroforestry Project | |
| |
| |
| Archeological Knowledge and Agricultural Development | |
| |
| |
| Medical Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| The Humoral Theory of Medicine | |
| |
| |
| Treatment Choice in Medically Pluralistic Settings | |
| |
| |
| AIDS | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Why the Machiguenga Prefer Native Curers to Biomedical Health Care Providers | |
| |
| |
| Forensics | |
| |
| |
| Business and Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| Poverty and Health | |
| |
| |
| Witnessing for the Hungry and Homeless | |
| |
| |
| Anthropological Advocacy | |
| |
| |
| To Advocate or Not to Advocate: Is That the Question? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Forest Development the Indian Way | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Notes from an Expert Witness | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Medical Anthropology: Improving Nutrition in Malawi | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: Using Anthropology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Globalization | |
| |
| |
| What Is Globalization? | |
| |
| |
| Colonialism and Underdevelopment | |
| |
| |
| Sociocultural Evolution and Development | |
| |
| |
| The Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| The Green Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Limits to Technification and Industrial Growth | |
| |
| |
| Bullock versus Tractor | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Green Revolution in Java | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE Priests and Irrigation Technology in Bali | |
| |
| |
| Free Market versus Antimarket Forces | |
| |
| |
| The Effect of Globalization on Indigenous Peoples | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Machiguenga Today | |
| |
| |
| Assimilation | |
| |
| |
| Resistance to Oppression | |
| |
| |
| The Zapatista Rebellion | |
| |
| |
| Preserving Indigenous Cultures | |
| |
| |
| Indigenous Peoples Today | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The Yanomami Today | |
| |
| |
| PROFILE The !Kung Today | |
| |
| |
| Vanishing Knowledge | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Questions to Think About | |
| |
| |
| Through the Lens of Cultural Materialism: The Kayapo Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |