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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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Why Do We Need This Knowledge? | |
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Three Challenges to Ethics | |
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Three Traditional Ethical Perspectives | |
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Three More Challenges to Ethics | |
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Conclusion | |
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Notes | |
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Religion and Morality | |
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The Euthyphro Question | |
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Medieval Developments of Divine Command Theory | |
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Morality Dependent on God Through Creation | |
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Problems for Divine Command Theory | |
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How Are We to Understand God's Commands? | |
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Are God's Commands justified by Creation? | |
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How Are We to Identify God's Commands? | |
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Radically Modified Divine Command Theory | |
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Religion and the Public Arena | |
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Is Rawls's Requirement of Public Reason Unfair? | |
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Seeing Different Kinds of Unfairness | |
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Can Religious Moral Teachings Be Required by Reason? | |
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How Public Reasons Are to Be Made Accessible | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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The Challenge of Moral Relativism | |
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Negative Consequences from Endorsing Moral Relativism | |
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Tolerance-A Benefit from Endorsing Moral Relativism? | |
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But Is It True? | |
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Analysis of the Case of Rape and Marriage | |
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Analysis of the Case of Widows and Suttee | |
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Analysis of the Case of Female Circumcision | |
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A Comparison to Divine Command Theory | |
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The Standard Criticism of Moral Relativism | |
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Our Six Purported Cases of Moral Relativism | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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The Challenge of Egoism | |
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Psychological Egoism | |
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Ethical Egoism | |
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Individual Ethical Egoism | |
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Universal Ethical Egoism | |
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Appealing to Publicity | |
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Paralleling Egoism and Racism | |
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Appealing to Consistency | |
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Is There No Way to Meet the Challenge of Universal Ethical Egoism? | |
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From Rationality to Morality | |
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Lifeboat Cases | |
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Morality as Compromise | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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Utilitarian Ethics | |
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Introducing Utilitarian Ethics | |
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An Implication of Utilitarian Ethics: Sacrificing the Few for the Many | |
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Osama Bin Laden and Terrorism | |
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Hypothetical Examples | |
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An Objection to Utilitarian Ethics: Never Do Evil | |
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Refining and Answering the Objection: Necessary Harm and Independent Reasons | |
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A Further Defense: Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism | |
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A Better Defense: The "Ought" Implies "Can" Principle | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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Kantian Ethics | |
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Kant's Categorical Imperative Test | |
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Kant, Egoism and Hypothetical Imperatives | |
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A Central Requirement of Morality | |
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Universalizability Not Enough | |
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Other Formulations of Kant's Test | |
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Two Interpretations of Kant's Ethics | |
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Welfare Liberalism | |
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Libertarianism | |
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Supporting Examples | |
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Conflicting Liberties | |
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An Expanded "Ought" Implies "Can" Principle Again | |
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Libertarian Objections | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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Aristotelian Ethics | |
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Happiness and the Virtuous Life | |
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Characterizing the Virtuous Life | |
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Conflicts with Kantian Ethics | |
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The Importance of Rules | |
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Focusing on How We Should Act | |
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The Priority Question | |
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Ayn Rand's Aristotelian Ethics | |
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The No-Conflict Thesis | |
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Conflicts of Self-interest in Rand's Novels | |
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The No-Duty Thesis | |
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The Importance of Rejecting the No-Conflict Thesis | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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Taking-Stock Interlude | |
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The Challenge of Environmentalism | |
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Singer's Utilitarian Environmentalism | |
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Regan's Kantian Environmentalism | |
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Biocentrism | |
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Principles of Conflict Resolution | |
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Individualism and Holism | |
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An Objection from a Somewhat Alien Perspective | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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The Challenge of Feminism | |
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Gilligan's Challenge | |
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The Practical Inadequacy of Traditional Theories of Justice | |
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Is It Discrimination or Is It Choice? | |
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The Practical Inadequacy of the Traditional Ideals of a Morally Good Person | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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The Challenge of Multiculturalism | |
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Correcting and Interpreting Traditional Ethics | |
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Using American Indian Culture | |
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Using Confucius | |
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New Obligations for Traditional Ethics | |
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Applying Traditional Ethics Cross-Culturally | |
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Conclusion | |
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MySearchLab Connections | |
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Notes | |
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Conclusion | |
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Three Challenges | |
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Three Conceptions of Ethics | |
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Three More Challenges | |
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Practicing Ethics | |
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Summing-Up | |
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Notes | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |