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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Grammar? Grammar versus Usage | |
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Descriptive Grammars | |
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Grammatical Prototypes | |
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Learning about Grammar | |
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Aids to Learning about Language | |
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Suggestions for Reading This Book | |
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Varieties of English | |
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Regional Dialects | |
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Social Dialects | |
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Standard American English | |
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Styles | |
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Second Language Acquisition | |
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English in an International Context | |
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The Morphology of English | |
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Morphemes | |
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Inflectional Morphemes | |
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Functional Shift | |
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Derivational Morphemes | |
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Form Classes and Structure Classes | |
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Form-Class Words | |
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Form and Function | |
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Nouns | |
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Subclasses and Features | |
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Verbs | |
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Adjectives | |
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Adverbs | |
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Analyzing Form and Function | |
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Structure-Class Words | |
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Structure-Class versus Form-Class Words | |
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Determiners | |
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Auxiliaries | |
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Qualifiers | |
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Prepositions | |
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Pronouns | |
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Conjunctions | |
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Relatives | |
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Interrogatives | |
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Phrases | |
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Subjects and Predicates | |
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Form and Function | |
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Recognizing Phrase Types | |
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The Main Verb Phrase | |
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Five Basic Sentence Types | |
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Binary Structure | |
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Type I The Intransitive Type | |
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Types II, III, and IV Linking (Copular) Types | |
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Type V The Transitive Type | |
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Basic Sentence Transformations | |
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The Indirect Object Transformation | |
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The Passive Transformation | |
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Other Transformations | |
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Negative Sentences | |
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Interrogative Sentences | |
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Imperative Sentences | |
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Finite Verb Clauses, Part I: Adverbial and Adjectival Clauses | |
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Sentence Varieties | |
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Subordinate Clauses | |
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Relative Clauses | |
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Finite Verb Clauses, Part II: Nominal Clauses | |
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That Clauses | |
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Interrogative Clauses | |
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Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses | |
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Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part I: Infinitive Phrases | |
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Infinitive Phrases | |
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Functions of Infinitive Phrases | |
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Differences between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases | |
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Peripheral Cases Ought To | |
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Nonfinite Verb Phrases, Part II: Participle and Gerund Phrases | |
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Present-Participle Phrases | |
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Gerunds | |
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Past-Participle Phrases | |
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Nominative Absolutes | |
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Stylistic Transformations and Sentence Analysis | |
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Transitive Phrasal Verbs and the Particle Movement Transformation | |
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The There Transformation | |
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The Cleft Sentence Transformations | |
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Appendix: The Sounds of American English | |
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Consonants of English | |
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Allophones | |
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Vowels of English | |
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American Pronunciation | |
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Pronunciation and Spelling | |
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Sound Changes | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |