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| How to Read a Primary Source | |
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| Renaissances and Reformations | |
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| Petrarch, Letters, 1352 and 1366/1367 | |
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| Erasmus, Letter to a Friend, Julius excluded, and Introduction to the Gospels, first published 1522 | |
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| Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, ca.1517? | |
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| From Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (Mad Orlando), published 1516 | |
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| Martin Luther, "Preface to the New Testament," first published 1522 | |
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| Cellini, My Life, 1558-1563 | |
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| Vasari, Lives of Artists, first published in 1550, revised and added to until 1568 | |
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| The Last Crusades | |
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| Bartolom� de las Casas, A Short Account, written 1542; published 1552 | |
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| John Foxe, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Trial of Anne Askew | |
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| From Christopher Marlowe, The Massacre at Paris, ca.1593 | |
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| Johannes Junius, Letter to His Daughter and Trial Transcript, 1628 | |
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| Science Breaks Out and Breaks Through | |
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| Galileo Galilei, Letter to Don Benedetto Castelli, December 21, 1613 | |
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| John Donne, Sermon (December 12, 1626); "To His Mistress Going to Bed" (1633) | |
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| Thomas Hobbes, "On Natural Law," Leviathan, 1651 | |
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| Descartes, A Discourse on the Method, 1637 | |
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| From Westphalia to Paris: Regimes Old and New | |
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| Anne of France, Lessons for My Daughter (end 16th century) | |
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| Cardinal Richelieu, "The Role of the King," Political Testament, ca.1638, first published 1688 | |
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| Fran�ois F�nelon, The Adventures of Telemachus, 1699 | |
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| Moli�re, The Misanthrope, first performed 1666 | |
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| The Enlightened | |
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| John Locke, "Of Tyranny," Two Treatises of Government, 1689 | |
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| Rousseau, "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," 1755 | |
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| Voltaire, Letter to Rousseau on the Latter's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality," 1755 | |
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| Adam Smith, "Of the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System," Wealth of Nations, 1776 | |
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| Cesare Beccaria, "On Torture," Of Crimes and Punishments, 1764 | |
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| The War against Absolutism | |
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| Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 | |
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| Robespierre, Report on Principles of Public Morality, February 5, 1794 | |
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| Napoleon, Letter to his Brother Jerome, November 15, 1807 | |
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| Jakob Walter, Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier, written 1856, first published 1932 | |
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| Daniel Defoe, Journal of the Plague Year, 1722 | |
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| Industrialization and Its Discontents | |
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| William Wordsworth, "Tintern Abbey," 1798; "The World Is too Much with Us," 1806 | |
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| Thomas Carlyle, "Signs of the Times," 1829 | |
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| Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, 1851 | |
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| The Birth of Modern Politics | |
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| Caroline Norton, "On the Infant Custody Bill," 1839; "On Divorce," 1855 | |
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| Karl Marx, "First Premises of the Materialist Method," The German Ideology, 1846, first published 1932 | |
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| Lajos Kossuth's Speech of the 11th July, 1848 | |
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| Isabella Beeton, From Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, 1861 | |
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| Nationalism and Identity | |
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| Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, An Imam in Paris: Account of a Stay in Paris by an Egyptian Cleric, 1826-1831 | |
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| Charles Trevelyan, The Irish Crisis, 1848 | |
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| Matthew Arnold, Preamble; "On a Definition of Culture," Culture and Anarchy, 1867 | |
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| Edward Augustus Freeman, Race and Language, 1879 | |
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| Flora Annie Steel and Grace Gardiner, Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook, 1888 | |
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| Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, 1895 | |
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| Rudyard Kipling, "The Barbarian," France at War, 1915 | |
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| The God Problem | |
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| Charles Lyell, From "On Extinct Quadrupeds," Principles of Geology, 1830-1833 | |
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| Charles Darwin, "On Sociability," The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871 | |
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| Abraham Geiger, "Moral and Legal Rules," Judaism and Islam, 1833 | |
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| The Modern Woman | |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft, "Dedication to Talleyrand," Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 | |
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| Caroline Norton, English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century, 1854 | |
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| Maria Montessori, Education for a New World, 1946 | |
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| Winnifred Cooley, "The Bachelor Maiden," The New Womanhood, 1904 | |
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| The Great Land Grab | |
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| Mark Twain, "King Leopold's Soliloquy," 1905 | |
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| John A. Hobson, "Criticism of Imperialism," Imperialism, 1902 | |
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| Winston Churchill, "The Battle of Omdurman," The River War, 1899 | |
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| Presidential Address of Chitta Ranjan Das, Indian National Congress at Gaya, December 1922 | |
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| From Nihilism to Modernism | |
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| Oscar Wilde, "The Soul of Man under Socialism," 1891 | |
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| Joris-Karl Huysmans, Against Nature (A rebours), 1884 | |
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| Charles Baudelaire, "The Painter of Modern Life," 1863 | |
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| Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 1929 | |
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| Wassily Kandinsky, On the Spiritual Element in Art, 1912 | |
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| The World at War (Part I) | |
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| Extracts from the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 | |
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| Norman Angell, The Great Illusion, 1933 | |
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| John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919 | |
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| Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That, 1929 | |
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| Ernst Junger, Storm of Steel, 1920 | |
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| Radical Realignments | |
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| Henry Ford, The International Jew, 1920 | |
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| Paul Val�ry, A Crisis of the Mind, 1919 | |
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| Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), The Decline of the West | |
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| Friedrich Hayek, "Economic Control and Totalitarianism," 1944 | |
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| The World at War (Part II) | |
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| Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas, 1938 | |
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| Aldous Huxley, An Encyclopaedia of Pacifism, 1937 | |
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| Arthur Koesder, The God That Failed, 1949 | |
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| Gustave Gilbert, Nuremburg Diary, 1947 | |
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| The Theater of the Absurd | |
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| Enoch Powell, "Rivers of Blood" Speech, 1968 | |
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| Nikolai Novikov, On Post- War American Policy, 1946 | |
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| Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain" Speech, March 5, 1947 | |
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| Ayatollah Khomeini, Message, 1980 | |
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| Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, On Nuclear Defense, 1980s | |
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| Something to Believe In | |
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| Pope John XXIII, Pacem in Terris, 1963 | |
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| Paul Tillich, Collective Guilt, 1943 | |
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| Pope Paul VI, Humanae vitae, 1968 | |
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| Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Sermon of January 21, 1934 | |
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| Global Warmings | |
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| Halid� Edib Adivar, Memoirs, 1926 and 1928 | |
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| Luce Irigaray, From An Ethics of Sexual Difference, 1993 | |
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| Francis Fukuyama, "Our Pessimism," 1992 | |
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| Fatima Mernissi, "The Story of a Female Psychic," 1989 | |
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| Hearts and Minds Going Forward | |
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| Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 1996 | |
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| 'World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2010 | |
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| George W. Bush, Speech to Congress, September 20, 2001 | |
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| Richard Rorty, Failed Prophecies, Glorious Hopes, 1998 | |