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Preface | |
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The Sociological Analysis of Sport in North American Society | |
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An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study | |
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The Pervasiveness of Sport | |
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The Discipline of Sociology | |
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Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective | |
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Thinking as a Sociologist: Sociological Imagination | |
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Units of Sociological Analysis | |
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Micro and Macro Levels and This Book | |
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Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life | |
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Functionalism | |
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Conflict Theory | |
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Conflict/Cultural Social Theories | |
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Interactionist Theory | |
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Sociological Theories and Sociology of Sport: Our Position | |
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Sport as a Microcosm of Society | |
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Common Characteristics of Sport and Society | |
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Levels of Sport | |
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Informal Sport | |
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Organized Sport | |
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Corporate Sport | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Social and Cultural Transformations and the Rise of Sport in North America | |
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Pre-Columbian and Colonial Traditions in North America | |
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The Colonists Restrict Physical Activities | |
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Early Nineteenth Century: Takeoff of Industrialization, Technology, and Organized Sport | |
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Building a Framework for Organized Sport | |
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The Technological Revolution and Sport | |
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Latter Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Modern Sport | |
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Urbanization and the Rise of Modern Sport Forms | |
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Technological Innovation and Sport: Transportation | |
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Technological Innovation and Sport: Communication | |
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Technological Innovation and Equipment to Play Modern Sports | |
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Other Technological Breakthroughs and Sport | |
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The Cult of Manliness and Sport | |
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Muscular Christianity and Intellectuals | |
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Social Philosophy and Organized Sport | |
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Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Modern World and Sport | |
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The Maturing of Modern Sport | |
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Twentieth-Century Technology and Sport: Transportation | |
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The Technological Revolution and Sport: Communication | |
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Other Technological Innovations and Sport | |
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Sport in Education | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Sport and North American Culture and Values | |
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Culture, Values, and Social Theories | |
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The North American Value System | |
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Individual Striving for Success | |
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Competition: The Fundamental Social Process | |
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The Socially Valued Means to Achieve | |
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Progress Overcomes the Status Quo | |
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Materialism: Acquisitions and Consumption | |
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Social Conformity | |
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North American Social Values and Sport | |
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Competition and Success in Sport | |
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The Valued Means to Achievement in Sport | |
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Progress in Sport | |
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Materialism in Sport | |
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External Conformity in Sport | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Youth and Sport | |
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Youth Sports Programs: Something for Everyone | |
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The Rise of Youth Sports Programs: The Takeoff and Expansion of a New Form of Sport | |
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Objectives of Youth Sports Programs | |
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What Do Young Athletes, Their Parents, and Coaches Want from Sports? | |
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Socialization and Sport: Involvement in Sport and Its Consequences | |
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Socialization into Sport: Why Do Children Become Involved in Organized Sports? | |
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Families | |
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Parents | |
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Siblings | |
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Peers | |
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Coaches | |
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Schools | |
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Mass Media | |
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Participants: Youth Athletes | |
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Socialization via Sport: Process and Outcomes | |
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Two Forms of Play: Peer Group and Adult-Organized | |
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Development of Personal-Social Attributes Through Sport | |
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Youth Orientation Toward Sport | |
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Sportsmanship in Youth Sports | |
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Character Development in Youth Sports | |
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Potential Psychosocial Problems in Youth Sports | |
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Adult Intrusion in Youth Sports | |
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Disruption of Education | |
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Risk of Injury | |
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The "Winning Is the Only Thing" Ethic and Youth Sports | |
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Sports Alternatives for the Young Athlete | |
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Emphasizing Personal Growth and Self-Actualization | |
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Alternative Sports | |
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Cooperative Games | |
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Youth Sports Coaches | |
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Bill of Rights for Young Athletes | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Interscholastic Sport | |
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The Role of High Schools: Differing Interpretations | |
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The Status of Sport in Secondary Schools | |
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The Consequences of Sport for Schools, Communities, and Individuals | |
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The Consequences of Sport for the High School | |
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The Consequences of Sport for the Community | |
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The Consequences of Sport for Participants | |
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Problems, Dilemmas, and Controversies | |
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The Subversion of Educational Goals | |
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The Reinforcement of Gender Roles | |
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Cheating | |
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Unsportsmanlike Behavior of Fans | |
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Autocratic Coaches | |
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Excessive Pressures to Win | |
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Elitism | |
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Sport Specialization | |
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Budget Shortfalls | |
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Corporate High School Sport Programs | |
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Efforts to Reform High School Sports | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Intercollegiate Sport | |
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Beginning and Development of College Sports | |
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Student-Centered College Sport Remains | |
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College Sport as Big Business | |
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Functionalism and Big-Time College Sports | |
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Beliefs and Reality About Big-Time Sport Functions | |
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Further Consequences of the Commercial Orientation of Big-Time College Sports | |
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A Contradiction: Athletes as Amateurs in a Big-Business Environment | |
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The NCAA and Student-Athletes | |
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The Enforcement of "Amateurism" | |
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The Restriction of Athletes' Rights | |
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Educational Performance and Student-Athletes | |
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Academic Predictions for Student-Athletes at College | |
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Academic Achievement and College Athletes | |
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Graduation Rates and Student-Athletes | |
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The Impediments to Scholarly Achievement by College Athletes | |
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Reform Initiatives and Intercollegiate Sports | |
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The Administration of Intercollegiate Sports | |
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Emphasizing the Education of Student-Athletes | |
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Commitment to Athletes' Rights | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Social Problems and North American Sport: Violence, Substance Abuse, Eating Disorders, and Gambling | |
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Overview of Social Problems in Sport | |
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Social Theories and Social Problems | |
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Examples of Recent Social Problems in Sport | |
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Violence in North American Society | |
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Violence in Historical Context | |
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Contemporary Violence in North America | |
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Violence in Sport: Terminology, Theories | |
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Is It Violence or Aggression ? Confusion in the Literature | |
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Theories About the Connection Between Violent Behavior and Sport | |
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Aggression Theories and Research on Sports | |
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Violence in North American Sport | |
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Violence as Part of North American Sports | |
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Fostering and Supporting Player Violence | |
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Violent Behavior of Athletes in Their Personal Lives | |
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Sources for Violence by Male Athletes in Their Private Lives | |
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Athletes' Violence Against Teammates: Hazing | |
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Sports Fans: Violent and Abusive Actions | |
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Substance Abuse and Sport | |
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Substance Abuse Not New to Sports | |
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The Scope of Current Substance Abuse in Sport | |
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Anabolic Steroids: Promises Big and Strong | |
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Sports Anti-Doping Programs in North America | |
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Social/Cultural Influences and Substance Abuse Among Athletes | |
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Can Substance Abuse in Sports Be Reduced, Even Prevented? | |
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Eating Disorders in Sport | |
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Gambling and Sports | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Sport and Religion | |
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The Relationship Between Religion and Society | |
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Personal and Social Roles of Religion | |
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The Relationship Between Religion and Sport | |
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Ancient Greece: Creators of Organized Sports Events | |
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The Early Christian Church and Roman Sport Spectacles | |
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Pre-Columbian Societies: Sport in the Americas | |
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Reformation and Protestantism in the North American Colonies | |
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Religious Objections to Sport Declined in the Nineteenth Century | |
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Religion and Sport Conciliation | |
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Sport as Religion | |
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Similarities Between Sport and Religion | |
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Critical Views About Sport-as-Religion | |
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Religion Uses Sport | |
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Churches | |
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Religious Leaders Embrace Sport | |
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Church Colleges and Universities | |
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Religious Organizations and Sports | |
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The Fellowship of Christian Athletes | |
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Religion and Professional Sports Organizations | |
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Sport and Religion Publications | |
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Missionary Work of Churches and Sport | |
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Religious Evangelizing by Athletes and Coaches | |
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The Promise Keepers: Patriarchy, Gender, and Sexuality | |
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Sportianity Confronting Social Issues | |
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Value Orientations of Religion and Sport | |
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The Protestant Ethic and Sports | |
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Protestantism and Contemporary Sport | |
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Sport Uses Religion | |
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The Use of Prayer and Divine Intervention | |
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The Use of Magic | |
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Magic and Its Uses in Sports | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Sport and Politics | |
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Politics as a Social Institution | |
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Social Theories and Politics | |
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Intertwining of Politics and Sports | |
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The Political Uses of Sport | |
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Sport as a Vehicle for Propaganda | |
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Sport and Nationalism | |
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Sport as an Opiate of the Masses | |
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The Exploitation of Sport by Politicians | |
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Sport as a Vehicle of Change in Society | |
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Globalization and Sport | |
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The Political Olympic Games | |
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Political Problems and the Olympic Movement | |
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A Proposal for Change | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |
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Sport and the Economy | |
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Professional Sport as a Business | |
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Social Theories and the Economy | |
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Professional Sport as a Monopoly | |
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Public Subsidization of Professional Team Franchises | |
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Ownership for Profit | |
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A Radical Question: Are Owners Necessary? | |
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Who Benefits Economically from Sports? | |
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Professional Athletes' Earnings | |
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Auxiliary Professions and Occupations in Sport | |
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Sport-Related Businesses | |
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Corporate Advertising in Sport | |
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The Relationship Between Owners and Athletes | |
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The Draft and the Reserve Clause | |
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Professional Team Sport Athletes Fight for Free Agency | |
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Amateur Sport as a Business | |
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The Ambiguous Case: Intercollegiate Sports and Amateurism | |
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The Economics of Collegiate Sport | |
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Summary | |
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Web Resources | |
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Notes | |