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Overview of Nerve Conduction Studies | |
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How the peripheral nervous system conveys information | |
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Stimulating and Recording Electrodes | |
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Electrode Amplifiers and Ground Electrode | |
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Reducing Artifacts and Interference | |
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Electrical Safety | |
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Temperature Effect | |
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Effect of Aging | |
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Motor Nerve Conduction | |
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Measurements of the compound muscle action potential | |
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Calculating conduction velocity | |
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Sensory Nerve Conduction | |
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Measurements of the sensory nerve action potential | |
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Role of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in localizing lesions | |
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Late Responses: F-wave and H-reflex | |
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Types of Nerve Injury | |
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Neurapraxia | |
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Features of demyelination | |
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Axonal loss injury | |
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Features of axonal loss | |
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Wallerian degeneration | |
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Ion channel disorders (channelopathies) | |
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Features of channelopathies | |
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Due to toxins | |
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Due to autoimmune conditions | |
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Due to genetic mutations | |
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Overview of Electromyography | |
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The motor unit | |
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Innervation ratio | |
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Muscle selection for needle EMGThe needle EMG examination | |
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Insertional activity | |
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Spontaneous activity | |
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Fibrillation potentials | |
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Positive sharp waves | |
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Numeric grading scale to semi-quantify fibrillation potentials | |
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Fasciculation potentials | |
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Complex repetitive discharges | |
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Myotonic discharges | |
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Myokymic discharges | |
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Neuromyotonic discharges | |
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Isaac's syndrome and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH) syndrome | |
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Cramp discharges | |
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End-plate activity | |
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Motor unit potentials (MUPs) | |
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MUP parameters | |
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Rise time | |
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Duration | |
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Amplitude | |
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Phases and turns | |
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Firing pattern and recruitment | |
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Henneman's Size Principle | |
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In neurogenic disorders | |
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In myopathic disorders | |
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Complications related to needle electromyography | |
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Brachial Plexus | |
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Upper trunk lesion | |
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Middle trunk lesion | |
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Lower trunk lesion | |
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Median Nerve | |
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Carpal tunnel syndrome | |
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Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome | |
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Pronator teres syndrome | |
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Ligament of Struther's syndrome | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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Short segment ("inching technique")F-wave | |
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Martin-Gruber anastomosis | |
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Sensory | |
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Comparative studies for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome | |
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Digital branch injury | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis | |
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Opponens Pollicis | |
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Superficial Head | |
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First and Second Lumbricals | |
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Pronator Quadratus | |
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Flexor Pollicis Longus | |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Digits 2 and 3Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (sublimis) | |
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Palmaris Longus | |
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Flexor Carpi Radialis | |
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Pronator Teres | |
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Ulnar Nerve | |
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Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (retrocondylar groove) | |
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Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome) | |
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Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist (Guyon's canal) | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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Short segment ("inching technique")F-wave | |
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Martin-Gruber anastomosis | |
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Riches-Cannieu anastomosis ("all ulnar hand")Sensory | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Adductor Pollicis | |
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Deep Head | |
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First Dorsal Interosseous | |
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Second, Third, and Fourth Dorsal Interossei | |
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Palmar Interossei | |
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Third and Fourth Lumbricals | |
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Abductor Digiti Minimi | |
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Opponens Digiti Minimi | |
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Flexor Digiti Minimi | |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Digits 4 and 5Flexor Carpi Ulnaris | |
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Radial Nerve | |
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Radial nerve lesion in the arm | |
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Radial nerve lesion in the axilla | |
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Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome | |
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Superficial radial nerve lesion | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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Sensory | |
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Anomalous innervation to ulnar dorsum of hand | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Extensor Indicis Proprius | |
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis | |
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Extensor Pollicis Longus | |
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Abductor Pollicis Longus | |
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Extensor Digitorum Communis and Extensor Digiti Minimi | |
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris | |
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Supinator | |
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Extensor Carpi Radialis, Longus and Brevis | |
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Brachioradialis | |
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Anconeus | |
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Triceps, Lateral Head | |
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Triceps, Long Head | |
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Triceps, Medial Head | |
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Axillary Nerve | |
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Axillary nerve lesion | |
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Motor nerve conduction study | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Deltoid, Anterior Fibers | |
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Deltoid, Middle Fibers | |
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Deltoid, Posterior Fibers | |
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Teres Minor | |
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Musculocutaneous Nerve | |
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Musculocutaneous nerve lesion | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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Sensory (lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm) | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Brachialis | |
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Biceps Brachii | |
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Coracobrachialis | |
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Medial Cutaneous Nerve of the Forearm | |
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Lesion of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm | |
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Sensory nerve conduction study | |
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Suprascapular Nerve | |
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Suprascapular nerve lesion | |
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Motor nerve conduction study | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Infraspinatus | |
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Supraspinatus | |
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Dorsal Scapular Nerve | |
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Dorsal scapular nerve lesion | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Rhomboideus Major and Minor | |
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Levator Scapulae | |
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Long Thoracic Nerve | |
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Long thoracic nerve lesion | |
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Motor nerve conduction study | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Serratus Anterior | |
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Subscapular Nerves and the Thoracodorsal Nerve | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Teres Major | |
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Latissimus Dorsi | |
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Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Pectoralis Major | |
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Pectoralis Minor | |
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Cervical Plexus | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Sternocleidomastoid | |
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Trapezius | |
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Levator Scapulae | |
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Phrenic Nerve | |
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Phrenic nerve lesion | |
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Phrenic nerve conduction studies | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Diaphragm | |
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Sacral Plexus | |
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Sacral plexus lesion | |
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Sciatic Nerve | |
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Sciatic nerve lesion | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Semitendinosus | |
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Semimembranosus | |
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Biceps Femoris (Long Head) | |
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Biceps Femoris (Short Head) | |
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Tibial Nerve | |
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Tarsal tunnel syndrome | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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F-wave | |
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Sensory (sural nerve) | |
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H-Reflex | |
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Medial and lateral plantar (mixed nerve) | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Gastrocnemius, Medial Head | |
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Gastrocnemius, Lateral Head | |
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Soleus | |
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Tibialis Posterior | |
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Flexor Digitorum Longus | |
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Flexor Hallucis Longus | |
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Popliteus | |
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Abductor Hallucis | |
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Flexor Digitorum Brevis | |
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Flexor Hallucis Brevis | |
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Abductor Digiti Minimi (Quinti) | |
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Adductor Hallucis | |
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Common Peroneal Nerve | |
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Common peroneal mononeuropathy at the knee | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor (Extensor digitorum brevis) | |
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F-wave | |
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Accessory deep peroneal nerve | |
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Motor (tibialis anterior) | |
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Short segment ("inching technique") across the knee | |
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Sensory (superficial peroneal) | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Tibialis Anterior | |
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Extensor Digitorum Longus | |
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Extensor Hallucis Longus | |
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Peroneus Tertius | |
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Extensor Digitorum Brevis | |
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Peroneus Longus | |
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Peroneus Brevis | |
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Superior Gluteal Nerve | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Gluteus Medius | |
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Gluteus Minimus | |
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Tensor Fasciae Latae | |
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Inferior Gluteal Nerve | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Gluteus Maximus | |
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Pudendal Nerve | |
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Pudendal nerve lesion | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Sphincter Ani Externus (External Anal Sphincter) | |
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Levator Ani | |
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Lumbar Plexus | |
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Lesion of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (meralgia paresthetica) | |
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Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve conduction study | |
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Needle electromyography of abdominal wall muscles | |
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External Oblique, Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominis | |
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Femoral Nerve | |
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Femoral nerve lesion | |
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Nerve conduction studies | |
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Motor | |
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Sensory (saphenous nerve) | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Iliacus (Iliopsoas) | |
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Pectineus | |
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Sartorius | |
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Rectus Femoris | |
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Vastus Lateralis | |
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Vastus Intermedius | |
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Vastus Medialis | |
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Obturator Nerve | |
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Obturator nerve lesion | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Adductor Longus | |
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Adductor Brevis | |
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Adductor Magnus | |
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Gracilis | |
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Paraspinal Muscles | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Cervical Paraspinal | |
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Thoracic Paraspinal | |
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Lumbosacral Paraspinal | |
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Cranial Nerves and Muscles | |
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Facial motor conduction studies | |
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Blink reflex studies | |
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Needle electromyography | |
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Frontalis | |
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Orbicularis Oculi | |
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Orbicularis Oris | |
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Masseter | |
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Tongue | |
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Dermatomes and Peripheral Nerve Cutaneous Distributions | |