| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Nature of Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
The Rise of Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
The Purpose and Organization of this Book | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
Overview of Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
What Policy Analysts Do | |
| |
| |
The Social Function of Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
Where Policy Analysts Are Employed | |
| |
| |
How Policy Analysts Contribute to Public Decision Making | |
| |
| |
Common Competencies and Attributes of Successful Policy Analysts | |
| |
| |
Why Being a Policy Analyst Is an Appealing Career Choice | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Invite a Guest to Class | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
What Governments Do | |
| |
| |
The Role of Government in Society | |
| |
| |
Achieving Cooperation | |
| |
| |
A Review of Government Policy Actions | |
| |
| |
Market Making | |
| |
| |
Taxes | |
| |
| |
Subsidies | |
| |
| |
Regulation | |
| |
| |
Direct Service Supply | |
| |
| |
Funding and Contracting | |
| |
| |
Partnering and Facilitating | |
| |
| |
Information and Social Marketing | |
| |
| |
Frameworks and Strategies | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Increasing Complexity | |
| |
| |
Looking Ahead | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Objectives of Government Policy Actions | |
| |
| |
Discussing Government Policy Action | |
| |
| |
Promoting Human Flourishing | |
| |
| |
Promoting Effective Institutions | |
| |
| |
Promoting Efficiency | |
| |
| |
Promoting Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Advancing Human Rights | |
| |
| |
Promoting Social Equity | |
| |
| |
Problem Definition and Agenda Setting | |
| |
| |
Working with Objectives, Goals, and Public Policies | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Managing Policy Projects | |
| |
| |
The Discipline of Project Management | |
| |
| |
Project Initiation | |
| |
| |
Project Planning | |
| |
| |
Project Execution and Control | |
| |
| |
Project Closure | |
| |
| |
Developing a Policy Project Proposal | |
| |
| |
A Project Summary | |
| |
| |
A List of Project Objectives | |
| |
| |
A List of Project Deliverables | |
| |
| |
A Project Task List | |
| |
| |
A Preliminary Time Budget | |
| |
| |
A Project Timeline | |
| |
| |
Biographical Statements | |
| |
| |
A Project Budget | |
| |
| |
A Risk Assessment | |
| |
| |
Transitioning to Project Execution and Control | |
| |
| |
Constructing Progress Reports | |
| |
| |
Managing Your Time | |
| |
| |
Make "To Do" Lists | |
| |
| |
Prioritize among Activities | |
| |
| |
Batch Routine Tasks | |
| |
| |
Think about Opportunity Costs | |
| |
| |
Think in Marginalist Terms | |
| |
| |
Take Care of Relations with Others | |
| |
| |
Manage Your Downtime | |
| |
| |
Working with Policy Literature | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Class Project | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Presenting Policy Advice | |
| |
| |
Clarifying Audience Needs | |
| |
| |
Structuring a Policy Report | |
| |
| |
Abstract or Executive Summary | |
| |
| |
Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Background | |
| |
| |
Analytical Strategy | |
| |
| |
Analysis and Findings | |
| |
| |
Discussion | |
| |
| |
Policy Recommendations | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Other Items | |
| |
| |
Effective Presentation of Evidence | |
| |
| |
Reflecting on the Contribution | |
| |
| |
The Sign-Off | |
| |
| |
Developing Presentations and Oral Briefings | |
| |
| |
The Importance of Creativity | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Invite a Guest to Class | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Doing Ethical Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
Policy Analysis and Ethical Practice | |
| |
| |
Ethical Principles for Policy Analysts | |
| |
| |
Integrity | |
| |
| |
Competence | |
| |
| |
Responsibility | |
| |
| |
Respect | |
| |
| |
Concern | |
| |
| |
Doing Ethical Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
Ethical Problem Definition | |
| |
| |
Ethical Construction of Alternatives | |
| |
| |
Ethical Selection of Criteria | |
| |
| |
Ethical Prediction of Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Ethical Analysis of Trade-Offs | |
| |
| |
Ethical Reporting Practices | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Invite a Guest to Class | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
ANalytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to the Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Policy Analysts in the Policy-Making Process | |
| |
| |
The Analytical Strategy Chapters | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Markets | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Market Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Government Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparative Institutional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Implementation Analysis | |
| |
| |
Use of Applied Examples | |
| |
| |
The Analytical Strategies and General Steps in Policy Analysis | |
| |
| |
When to Apply Each Analytical Strategy | |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Markets | |
| |
| |
An Introduction to Market Analysis | |
| |
| |
Consumer Choice and the Demand Side of the Market | |
| |
| |
Firm Behavior and the Supply Side of the Market | |
| |
| |
Equilibrium in Markets | |
| |
| |
Comparative Static Equilibrium Analysis | |
| |
| |
Price Signaling and Interconnected Markets | |
| |
| |
Assumptions of the Market Model Revisited | |
| |
| |
Using Market Analysis as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in Market Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the phenomenon of interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider the behavior of consumers and producers | |
| |
| |
| |
Think in terms of comparative statics equilibrium analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Collect and analyze the relevant information | |
| |
| |
| |
Draw implications for government action | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the phenomenon of interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider the behavior of consumers and producers | |
| |
| |
| |
Think in terms of comparative statics equilibrium analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Collect and analyze the relevant information | |
| |
| |
| |
Draw implications for government action | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Analysis of Markets and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Chapter Content ReviewA Self-Test | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Market Failure | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Market Failure | |
| |
| |
Information Asymmetries | |
| |
| |
Rectifying Information Asymmetries | |
| |
| |
Positive Externalities | |
| |
| |
Rectifying Positive Externalities | |
| |
| |
Negative Externalities | |
| |
| |
Rectifying Negative Externalitie | |
| |
| |
Public GoodsCommon Pool Resources | |
| |
| |
Rectifying Problems with Common Pool Resources | |
| |
| |
Pure Public GoodsThe Need for Collective Provision | |
| |
| |
Arranging Collective Provision | |
| |
| |
Natural Monopolies and How They Can Be Managed | |
| |
| |
Social Equity Concerns and How They Can Be Addressed | |
| |
| |
Using Market Failure as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in the Analysis of Market Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Specify the good or service of interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the consumers and producers and the location of their transactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Using the tools of market analysis, construct a simple model of how an efficient market would allocate this good or service | |
| |
| |
| |
State the market failure that you believe is present in this context | |
| |
| |
| |
Analyze the actions of consumers and producers and how those actions contribute to market failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the financial implications of the market failure, and note any other salient impacts | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify efforts made by consumers, producers, and any other nongovernmental actors to address the market failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Suggest how government use of policy instruments could potentially address the market failure.An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Specify the good or service of interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the consumers and producers and the location of their transactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Using the tools of market analysis, construct a simple model of how an efficient market would allocate this good or service | |
| |
| |
| |
State the market failure that you believe is present in this context | |
| |
| |
| |
Analyze the actions of consumers and producers and how those actions contribute to market failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the financial implications of the market failure and note any other salient impacts | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify efforts made by consumers, producers, and any other nongovernmental actors to address the market failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Suggest how government use of policy instruments could potentially address the market failure | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Market Failure and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Government Failure | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Government Failure and Its Analysis | |
| |
| |
Government and Coordination Problems | |
| |
| |
Political Control | |
| |
| |
Provider Capture | |
| |
| |
Perverse Incentives | |
| |
| |
Goal Displacement | |
| |
| |
Institutional Inertia | |
| |
| |
Using Government Failure as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in the Analysis of Government Failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Define the area of policy interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Determine the objectives of government action | |
| |
| |
| |
Note the nature of information and coordination problems that can arise through reliance on decentralized, private decision making | |
| |
| |
| |
Contrast the current or favored government actions with possible alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify opportunities for undue political interference in program management | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify opportunities for provider capture | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify perverse incentives and unintended outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose changes in policy design to reduce observed government failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider ways that reliance on government action could be reduced over time An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Define the area of policy interest | |
| |
| |
| |
Determine the objectives of government action | |
| |
| |
| |
Note the nature of information and coordination problems that can arise through reliance on decentralized, private decision making | |
| |
| |
| |
Contrast the current or favored government actions with possible alternatives | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify opportunities for undue political interference in program management | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify opportunities for provider capture | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify perverse incentives and unintended outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose changes in policy design to reduce observed government failure | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider ways that reliance on government action could be reduced over time | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Analysis of Government Failure and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparative Institutional Analysis | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Comparative Institutional Analysis | |
| |
| |
Using Comparative Institutional Analysis as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in Comparative Institutional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Select and refine the analytical questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a research design, and select cases | |
| |
| |
| |
Collect and analyze the relevant information | |
| |
| |
| |
Isolate the relationships between institutional choice and observed outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Present your findings, and make recommendations | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Select and refine the analytical questions | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a research design, and select cases | |
| |
| |
| |
Collect and analyze the relevant information | |
| |
| |
| |
Isolate the relationships between institutional choice and observed outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
Present your findings, and make recommendations | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Comparative Institutional Analysis and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Invite a Guest to Class | |
| |
| |
The Class Project | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
Using Cost-Benefit Analysis as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in Cost-Benefit Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Define the scope of the study | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify all negative and positive effects of the policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the monetary costs and benefits of the policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Take account of opportunity costs | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculate net present value | |
| |
| |
| |
Reflect on the value of human life and quality-of-life issues | |
| |
| |
| |
Report study assumptions and limitations | |
| |
| |
| |
Present results using several scenarios | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Define the scope of the study | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify all negative and positive effects of the policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the monetary costs and benefits of the policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Take account of opportunity costs | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculate net present value | |
| |
| |
| |
Reflect on the value of human life and quality-of-life issues | |
| |
| |
| |
Report study assumptions and limitations | |
| |
| |
| |
Present results using several scenarios | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Class Project | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis | |
| |
| |
Gender and Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
Policy Motives | |
| |
| |
Policy Actions | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Gender Analysis | |
| |
| |
Analysis of Aggregate Statistics | |
| |
| |
Process Tracing | |
| |
| |
Tests for Discriminatory Practices | |
| |
| |
Using Gender Analysis as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis and Problem Definition | |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis and Construction of Alternatives | |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis and Selection of Criteria | |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis and Prediction of Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Reporting Gender Analysis | |
| |
| |
Steps in Gender Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Select a specific context in which women appear significantly disadvantaged relative to men | |
| |
| |
| |
Assemble evidence allowing you to illustrate differences in men's and women's experiences in similar contexts | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a process-tracing method to show how specific institutional arrangements, social practices, or decision-making are discriminatory | |
| |
| |
| |
Highlight discriminatory policies or practices, and show how they disadvantage women compared with men | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose policy actions to rectify the discrimination and disadvantage | |
| |
| |
| |
Address the view that gains for women spell losses for men | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Select a specific context in which women appear significantly disadvantaged relative to men | |
| |
| |
| |
Assemble evidence allowing you to illustrate differences in men's and women's experiences in similar contexts | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a process-tracing method to show how specific institutional arrangements, social practices, or decision making are discriminatory | |
| |
| |
| |
Highlight discriminatory policies or practices, and show how they disadvantage women compared with men | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose policy actions to rectify the discrimination and disadvantage | |
| |
| |
| |
Address the view that gains for women spell losses for men | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Gender Analysis and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
Testing for Statistical Discrimination versus Racial Prejudice | |
| |
| |
Confronting Misattribution Problems | |
| |
| |
Tracing Complex Processes | |
| |
| |
Using Race Analysis as an Analytical Strategy | |
| |
| |
Race Analysis and Problem Definition | |
| |
| |
Race Analysis and Construction of Alternatives | |
| |
| |
Race Analysis and Selection of Criteria | |
| |
| |
Race Analysis and Prediction of Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Reporting Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
Steps in Race Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Select a specific context in which significant racial disparities are known or expected to exist | |
| |
| |
| |
Assemble evidence allowing you to confirm the existence of racial disparities | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a process-tracing method to show how specific institutional arrangements, social practices, or decision making are discriminatory | |
| |
| |
| |
Highlight discriminatory policies or practices, and show how they disadvantage specific racial groups | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose policy actions to rectify the discrimination and disadvantage | |
| |
| |
| |
Scrutinize the proposed policy actions to avoid unintended negative effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the gains for all groups that would result from effective policy change | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Select a specific context in which significant racial disparities are known or expected to exist | |
| |
| |
| |
Assemble evidence allowing you to confirm the existence of racial disparities | |
| |
| |
| |
Develop a process-tracing method to show how specific institutional arrangements, social practices, or decision making are discriminatory | |
| |
| |
| |
Highlight discriminatory policies or practices, and show how they disadvantage specific racial groups | |
| |
| |
| |
Propose policy actions to rectify the discrimination and disadvantage | |
| |
| |
| |
Scrutinize the proposed policy actions to avoid unintended negative effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimate the gains for all groups that would result from effective policy change | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Race Analysis and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
Implementation Analysis | |
| |
| |
An Overview of Implementation Analysis | |
| |
| |
Envisioning Policy Success | |
| |
| |
Identifying Tasks and Task Dependencies | |
| |
| |
Identifying Threats to Successful Implementation | |
| |
| |
Closing Knowing-Doing Gaps | |
| |
| |
Planning for Evaluation | |
| |
| |
Using Implementation Analysis as an Analytical Framework | |
| |
| |
Steps in Implementation Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the overall purpose of the new policy, where it will be implemented, and how success has been defined | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify who will be responsible for policy implementation and the behavioral changes that implementation is expected to produce | |
| |
| |
| |
Specify the institutional, organizational, and procedural changes required to support the new policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Treating implementation as a project, note the key tasks required to establish the new policy context | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify any significant threats to successful implementation and how they can be addressed | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider how institutional inertia might hinder change and how it can be overcome | |
| |
| |
| |
Ensure provisions have been made for evaluation of the new policy and associated programs | |
| |
| |
An Applied Example | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify the overall purpose of the new policy, where it will be implemented, and how success has been defined | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify who will be responsible for policy implementation and the behavioral changes that implementation is expected to produce | |
| |
| |
| |
Specify the institutional, organizational, and procedural changes required to support the new policy | |
| |
| |
| |
Treating implementation as a project, note the key tasks required to establish the new policy context | |
| |
| |
| |
Identify any significant threats to successful implementation and how they can be addressed | |
| |
| |
| |
Consider how institutional inertia might hinder change and how it can be overcome | |
| |
| |
| |
Ensure provisions have been made for evaluation of the new policy and associated | |
| |
| |
Advice for Analytical Practice | |
| |
| |
Implementation Analysis and Other Analytical Strategies | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Invite a Guest to Class | |
| |
| |
The Class Project | |
| |
| |
The Policy Research Seminar | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
Improving Your Practice | |
| |
| |
| |
Developing as a Policy Analyst and Advisor | |
| |
| |
The Power of Positive Thinking | |
| |
| |
Developing Openness and Creativity | |
| |
| |
Skill Building Through Deliberate Practice | |
| |
| |
Becoming a Change Leader | |
| |
| |
Further Reading | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Index | |