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List of contributors | |
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Islands, regions, ranges, and gradients | |
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Butterflies on British islands | |
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Butterfly distributions on the British mainland | |
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Focusing on regional and local issues | |
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Adult behaviour | |
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The significance of behaviour patterns | |
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Regulating body temperature | |
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Finding nutrients | |
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Mate-locating behaviour | |
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Communication and courtship | |
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Behaviour and butterfly biology | |
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Eggs and egg-laying | |
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Egg production | |
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Finding and recognizing larval hostplants | |
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Distribution of egg load | |
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Patterns in egg-laying | |
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Butterfly populations | |
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What is a population? | |
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Measuring and monitoring butterfly populations | |
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The structure of butterfly populations | |
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Natural population fluctuations | |
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Mortality factors affecting population size | |
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Avoidance, concealment, and defence | |
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Adult defences | |
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The defences of eggs | |
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The defences of larvae | |
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Adaptations to living near ants | |
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Pupal defences | |
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Butterflies and multiple defence mechanisms | |
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Monitoring butterfly movements | |
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The components of movement | |
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Variability in butterfly movement | |
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Local movements of butterfly adults | |
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Migration and dispersal | |
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Unresolved issues | |
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Butterflies and communities | |
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Biological communities | |
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Resource partitioning and the niche | |
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Interactions between butterflies and other animals | |
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Interactions between butterflies and plants | |
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Diversity, ecological succession, and butterfly communities | |
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Diversity within populations | |
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Genetic variation, natural selection, and evolution | |
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Polymorphism and wing pattern forms | |
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The development of wing patterns | |
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Enzyme polymorphism | |
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Seasonal polyphenism | |
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Life history variation | |
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Case studies in evolution | |
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The meadow brown: continuous variation and adaptation | |
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The large heath: evolution of races | |
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The speckled wood: geographic variation in Europe | |
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An evolutionary history of British butterflies | |
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Evolution before glaciers | |
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Evolution with glaciation | |
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The pattern of butterfly arrivals | |
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Butterfly adaptations to Britain's Post Glacial environments | |
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The evolution of subspecies, races, and character gradients | |
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The conservation of British butterflies | |
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Changing butterfly populations | |
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Causes of decline of British butterflies | |
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Early attempts at conservation | |
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The ecological approach to conservation | |
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Strategies for conservation | |
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Future prospects | |
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Appendix 1 A check list of British butterflies and their hostplants | |
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Appendix 2 Traditional classification of butterfly breeding biotopes in Britain | |
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Appendix 3 (a), (b) Summaries of the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects codes on collecting and insect introductions | |
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Appendix 4 Useful addresses of societies, journals, specialist books; equipment, livestock, and scientific institutions | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |