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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The tropics | |
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| Defining a plantation | |
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| Tropical plantation species | |
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| Why plantations? | |
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| Factors favouring plantation development | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Planted forest in tropical countries | |
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| Development of plantation forestry | |
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| Present status of plantations in the tropics | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Plantation organization and structure | |
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| Plantation organization | |
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| Plantation characteristics | |
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| Plantation design | |
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| Plantation life-history | |
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| Plantation monitoring | |
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| Land, social and economic factors, and planning in plantation development | |
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| Land and plantation development | |
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| Resource management domains | |
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| Land capability | |
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| Land-use | |
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| Obtaining land for plantation development, encouraging tree-planting and extension | |
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| Social and economic factors in tree-planting and plantation development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Factors affecting the scale and rate of planting and plantation development | |
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| Social and cultural effects of plantation development | |
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| The contribution of planted forests to the economies and rural development in the tropics | |
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| Planning the plantation enterprise | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Policy planning at international and national levels | |
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| Planning in large projects | |
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| Planning for small-scale tree-planting | |
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| Plantation silviculture | |
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| What to plant? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purpose of the plantation | |
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| Species potentially available | |
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| Matching species with site | |
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| Making the choice | |
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| Seed collection, supply, and storage | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Seed quality | |
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| Quantity of seed needed | |
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| Seed certification, records, and dispatch procedures | |
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| Seed procurement | |
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| Seed storage | |
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| Packaging and transport of seed | |
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| Seed supply and trade problems | |
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| Forst nurseries | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Planning forest nurseries | |
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| Nursery location and design | |
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| Preparation of seed | |
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| Time of sowing | |
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| The container system | |
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| Raising bare-rooted seedlings | |
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| Care, protection, and conditioning of seedlings | |
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| Quality control, dispatch, and transport of plants | |
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| Clonal plantations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development of clonal plantations | |
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| Vegetative propagation methods | |
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| Clonal deployment | |
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| Small-scale clonal plantings | |
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| Role of molecular genetics in clonal forestry | |
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| Plantation establishment | |
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| Pre-establishment essentials | |
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| Ground preparation | |
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| Planting | |
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| Special forms of establishment | |
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| Plantation maintenance | |
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| Immediate post-planting problems | |
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| Weed control | |
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| Staking | |
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| Tree shelters | |
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| Singling | |
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| Respacing | |
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| Low pruning | |
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| Nutrition of tree crops | |
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| Nutrient deficiencies | |
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| Use of fertilizers | |
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| Maintaining soil fertility without using mineral fertilizer | |
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| Nutrient toxicity | |
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| Dynamics of stand growth | |
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| Periodicity and pattern in growth of individual trees | |
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| Stand growth is dynamic | |
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| Physiological basis of stand development | |
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| Silvicultural implications | |
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| Selective pruning | |
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| Thinning | |
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| Definition and objectives | |
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| Experience with thinning in the tropics | |
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| Effects of thinning | |
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| Methods of thinning | |
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| Thinning and wood quality | |
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| Thinning decisions | |
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| Thinning practice and control | |
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| High prunning | |
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| Need to prune | |
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| Production of knot-free timber | |
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| Timing and intensity of high pruning | |
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| Economics of pruning | |
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| Pruning practice | |
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| Rotations, regeneration, and coppice | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rotation length | |
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| First rotation harvesting and preparation for the next rotation: silvicultural considerations | |
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| Natural regeneration | |
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| Plantation species as invasives | |
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| Coppice | |
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| Protection-an introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Inorganic and man-made damage | |
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| Organic damage | |
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| Salvaging a damaged crop | |
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| Protection strategy | |
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| Tree-planting and plantation forestry: in rural development, soil conservation, rehabilitation, environmental considerations, and sustainability | |
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| Tree-planting in rural development and agroforestry | |
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| Woodlots | |
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| Trees with crops | |
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| Trees and livestock | |
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| Trees planted for other purposes | |
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| Protective afforestation | |
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| Urgency of protective afforestation in the tropics | |
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| Protective role of tree cover | |
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| Implementing programmes of protective afforestation | |
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| Management and silviculture in protection planting | |
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| Tree planting for ecosystem rehabilitation and restoration | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Degradation and rehabilitation | |
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| Management strategies | |
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| Species selection | |
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| Plantation design | |
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| Site management practices | |
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| Case studies | |
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| Afforestation of inhospitable sites | |
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| What makes sites inhospitable? | |
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| Silvicultural challeng of inhospitable sites | |
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| Ecological factors and sustainability of plantations | |
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| Biodiversity in plantation forestry | |
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| Eucalypt environmental controversy | |
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| Sustainability of plantations | |
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| Site change induced by plantation forestry | |
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| Risk exposed to plantations | |
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| Evidence of productivity change | |
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| Withinrotation yield class/site quality drift | |
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| Intervention to sustain yield | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Species index | |
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| General index | |