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| List of Maps | |
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| List of Chronological Tables | |
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| List of Boxes | |
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| Preface: The Value of History | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| The First Civilizations | |
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| What Is History? | |
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| The Origins of Civilization | |
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| The Archaeological Record--The First Modern Humans--The Beginnings of Agriculture--A New Complexity: Some Neolithic Sites | |
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| The First Civilizations: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age | |
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| The Bronze Age--Mesopotamian Civilization--Egypt in the Bronze Age--The Canaanites--The Hittites--The Agean--The Collapse of Bronze Age Civilization | |
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| Israel and Judah | |
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| Myth and History--The Hebrew Bible--Early Israel--The Monarchy and the Babylonian Exile--Society and Family--Religion and Law | |
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| Summary | |
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| Greek Civilization: Hellas and Hellenism | |
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| The Dark Age | |
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| Population Decline and Dark Age Culture--Lefkandi--Homer and Oral Poetry | |
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| The Archaic Age: Hellas and the City | |
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| Hellas--War and the City: The Rise of the Polis--Literature and Culture in Archaic Hellas | |
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| The Classical Age: The Empire and Culture of Athens | |
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| The Persian Empire--The Persian Wars--Herodotus: The First History--Greeks and Barbarians--Democracy and Empire: Athens at Its Height--Culture in Imperial Athens--The Peloponnesian War--Athens after the War--Society in Classical Athens | |
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| The Hellenistic World | |
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| The Macedonian Conquerors--Greeks and Natives--Judaism in the Second Temple Period--Greek Culture in the Hellenistic Period | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Romans and Their Empire | |
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| Roman Origins | |
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| Who Were the Romans?--From Village to City--The Etruscans | |
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| Government and Society in the Early Republic | |
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| The Ruling Class--Plebeians and Patricians--Society in the Twelve Tables--Warfare and the Conquest of Italy--Conquests Overseas--Imperialism and Culture | |
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| The Late Republic: Society in Crisis | |
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| The Aristocracy--Peasants: Gracchus' Land Reform--Slaves--The Knights: Provincial Government and Corruption--Soldiers: Marius' Military Reforms and Sulla's Dictatorship--Cicero and Roman Society--Pompey and Ceasar--The First Emperor | |
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| The Empire | |
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| The Emperors--The Emperor and the City of Rome--The Army--Taxes--Roads and Cities--Law--Greek Culture in the Roman Empire | |
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| Life in the Provinces | |
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| Imperial Rule: The Example of Judaea--The Army in Roman Britain--Society in Roman Egypt | |
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| Crisis and Reform in the Third Century | |
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| Wars and Emperors--Economic Crisis--Diocletian and the Later Roman Empire | |
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| Summary | |
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| Christianity and the Late Antique World | |
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| Paganism | |
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| The Rise of Christianity | |
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| The New Testament and the Gospels--Paul--Persecution and Martyrs--Bishops and Theologians | |
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| Christianity in the Later Roman Empire | |
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| The Conversion of Constantine--Heresy and Schism--Monks and Ascetics--Christianity and Social Change--Literature: St. Augustine and the Classics | |
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| The Decline of the Western Empire | |
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| Franks--Visigoths--Ostrogoths--Vandals--Barbarian Legal Codes--Justinian | |
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| Muhammad and the Rise of Islam | |
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| Summary | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Index | |