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| Introduction | |
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| The Value and Uses of Logic | |
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| What Can Be Learned about Logic and How Can It Be Learned? | |
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| Logic versus Psychology | |
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| The Organization of This Book | |
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| Informal Analysis of Statements | |
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| Sentences | |
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| Cognitive and Noncognitive Uses of Sentences | |
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| Statements | |
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| Recognizing Sentences Used to Express Statements | |
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| Self-Evident and Supported Statements | |
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| Logical Relationships between Two (or More) Propositions | |
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| Consistency | |
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| Real versus Apparent Disagreements | |
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| Verbal Disagreements | |
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| Implication | |
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| Logical Equivalence | |
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| Independence | |
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| Informal Analysis of Arguments | |
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| Inferences and Arguments | |
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| The Logical Sense of ""Argument"" | |
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| Premises and Conclusions | |
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| Problems in Recognizing Intended Arguments | |
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| Supplying Missing Statements | |
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| Deductive and Inductive Arguments | |
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| Criteria for Good Arguments | |
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| Dealing with Enthymemes | |
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| Complex Argument Structures | |
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| Analyzing Sample Arguments | |
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| Some Basic Elements of Argument Analysis | |
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| Aristotelian Logic: Statements | |
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| Categorical Statements | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Schemas | |
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| Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements | |
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| Logical Relations between Categorical Propositions | |
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| Immediate Inferences | |
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| The Traditional Square of Opposition | |
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| The Boolean Interpretation | |
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| Aristotelian Logic: Arguments | |
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| The Categorical Syllogism | |
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| Standard-Form Syllogisms | |
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| Mood and Figure | |
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| Testing the Validity of Syllogisms | |
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| Testing by Counterexamples | |
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| Testing with Venn Diagrams | |
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| Testing by Rules | |
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| The Boolean Interpretation | |
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| Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language | |
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| Propositional Logic: Statements | |
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| Compound Propositions and Logical Operators | |
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| Truth-Functional Operators | |
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| Propositional Abbreviations and Schemas | |
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| Conjunction | |
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| Truth Tables | |
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| Negation | |
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| Disjunction | |
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| Material Implication | |
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| Material Equivalence | |
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| Propositions with More Than One Logical Operator | |
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| Truth Table Construction | |
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| Logically Equivalent Statements | |
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| Logical Equivalence and Material Equivalence | |
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| Tautologies | |
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| Contradictions | |
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| Contingent Statements | |
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| Propositional Logic: Arguments | |
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| Truth-Functional Validity | |
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| Contradictory Premises and Tautological Conclusions | |
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| Abbreviating Truth-Functional Arguments | |
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| Schematizing Truth-Functional Arguments | |
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| Testing Validity by Truth Tables | |
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| The Short Truth Table Method | |
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| Truth-Functional Arguments and Corresponding Conditionals | |
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| The Propositional Calculus | |
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| Constructing a Formal Proof | |
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| Inference Rules | |
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| Rules of Thumb for Proof Construction | |
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| The Rule of Rigor | |
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| The Replacement Rule | |
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| Conditions of Proof | |
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| Indirect Proof | |
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| Deductive Completeness | |
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| Quantificational Logic: Statements | |
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| Predicates and Individuals | |
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| Variables and Constants | |
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| Compound Propositions | |
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| Existential Quantifiers | |
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| Universal Quantifiers | |
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| Negation and Quantifier Exchange | |
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| Multiple Quantifiers | |
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| Quantificational Logic: Arguments | |
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| Universal Instantiation | |
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| Existential Generalization | |
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| Existential Instantiation | |
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| Universal Generalization | |
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| Inductive Arguments | |
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| Enumerative Inductions | |
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| Relative Strength of Enumerative Inductions | |
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| The Possible Elimination of Inductions by Analogy | |
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| Statistical Inductions | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| The Hypothetico-Deductive Method | |
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| Hypothetic-Deductive Method and Inductive Generalization | |
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| Crucial Experiments | |
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| Scientific Method | |
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| Causal Explanations | |
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| Kinds of Cause | |
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| Mill's Method | |
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| Replicability and Controls | |
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| The Role of Logic in Science | |
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| Probability | |
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| Some Basic Terminology | |
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| Two General Principles of Probability | |
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| Three Theories of Probability | |
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| Independent and Mutually Exclusive Outcomes | |
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| The Probability Calculus | |
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| Informal Fallacies | |
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| Disguised Nonarguments | |
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| Valid but Fallacious Arguments | |
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| Other Informal Fallacies | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Kinds of Definitions | |
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| Uses of Definitions | |
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| Criteria for Good Definitions | |
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| Applied Logic | |
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| Burden of Proof | |
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| The Principle of Induction | |
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| Choosing the Appropriate System | |
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| Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | |
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| Index | |