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| Introduction | |
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| Neurophysiology and Psychophysics | |
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| Two Themes--Pattern Vision and Analyzers | |
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| Analyzers in Color Vision as an Example | |
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| Two Cautions About Analyzers | |
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| Terminology--Responses Versus Outputs | |
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| Models of Near-Threshold Pattern Vision--An Overview | |
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| Neurophysiology and Pattern Vision | |
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| Spatial Characteristics of Visual Neurons | |
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| Temporal Characteristics of Visual Neurons | |
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| Other Characteristics of Visual Neurons | |
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| Some Terminology: Analyzer, Neuron, Mechanism, Channel, and Element | |
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| Five Psychophysical Paradigms | |
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| Some Practical Matters | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Some Mathematics | |
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| Sinusoids and Fourier Analysis | |
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| Lines and Points and Impulses (Delta Functions) | |
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| Windowed Sine Waves--Gabor Functions | |
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| The Fourier Transform of a Sinusoidal Patch | |
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| Linear Systems and Points | |
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| Linear Systems and Sines | |
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| How Stimulus Decompositions are Useful | |
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| Selectivity of Analyzers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. Fourier Transforms of Sinusoida, Delta, Gaussian, and Gabor Functions | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Models of Selective Effects | |
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| A Typical Adaptation Experiment | |
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| A Simple Fatigue Model | |
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| The General Stiles Model | |
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| Empirical Discrepancies in Spatial-Frequency Adaptation | |
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| Some Stiles-Type Models Assuming Many Analyzers | |
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| Even More General Fatigue Models | |
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| Inhibition Plus Fatigue | |
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| Inhibition Only | |
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| Point-by-Point Fatigue (Afterimage) Explanations | |
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| What Is the Function of Pattern-Selective Adaptation? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Summation | |
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| Models for Far-Apart Values | |
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| A Typical Summation Experiment | |
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| An Additive Single-Analyzer Model | |
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| A Nonadditive, Uniform, Single-Analyzer Model (a Single-Channel Model) | |
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| Multiple-Analyzers Model | |
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| A Single Nonuniform Channel (Example of Interaction Between Two Dimensions) | |
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| Multiple-Analyzers Models Incorporating Variability | |
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| High-Threshold Multiple-Analyzers Model | |
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| Quick Pooling Model | |
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| Quick Pooling Model Predictions for Summation of Far-Apart Components | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. Derivation of Observable Quick Pooling Formulas | |
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| Notes | |
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| Far-Apart Values on Spatial Dimensions | |
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| Overview | |
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| Far-Apart Orientations | |
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| The Effect of Probability Summation Across Space on Spatial-Frequency and Orientation Models | |
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| Summation of Far-Apart Spatial Positions | |
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| Summation Experiments on the Spatial-Extent Dimension | |
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| Summation Experiments on the Spatial-Phase Dimension | |
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| Summary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Close Values on Spatial Dimensions | |
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| Overview | |
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| Two Additive, Deterministic Analyzers (the Naive Model) | |
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| More Sophisticated Multiple-Analyzers Models | |
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| Summation of Close Spatial Frequencies | |
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| Summation of Close Orientations | |
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| Summation of Close Spatial Positions | |
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| Summation of Close Spatial Frequencies--Interaction with Spatial Extent | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. Details of Two Multiple-Mechanisms Models | |
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| Notes | |
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| Uncertainty | |
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| Extrinsic Uncertainty and Summation Revisited | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Single-Attention-Band Models | |
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| Independent-Analyzers (Attention-Sharing, Noise-Limited, Multiple-Band) Models | |
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| Predictions of Independent-Analyzers Models | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. Calculating the Independent-Analyzers Predictions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Intrinsic Uncertainty and Transducer Eunctions | |
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| Intrinsic-Uncertainty Version of Independent-Analyzers Model | |
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| Adding Analyzers' Transducer Functions to Independent-Analyzers Models | |
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| High-Threshold Version with Transducer Function | |
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| Gaussian Version with Power Function Transducer | |
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| The Quick Pooling Formula without a High Threshold | |
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| Intrinsic-Uncertainty Version with Linear Microanalyzer Transducer | |
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| A Physiological Aside--The Probability Distribution of a Single Neurons' Outputs | |
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| Attentional Control and Individual Differences | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Notes | |
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| Identification | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Discrimination and Classification Paradigms | |
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| Review-of Previous Assumptions of Independent-Analyzers Models | |
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| Classification Decision Rules | |
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| Discrimination Decision Rules | |
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| Composite Analyzer Composed of Multiple Entities | |
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| Predictions of Some Multiple-Analyzers Models for Discrimination | |
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| Distance (Nonprobabilistic, Geometric, Vector) Models | |
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| Near-Threshold Discrimination of Spatial Frequency | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. About Vectors | |
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| Notes | |
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| Three More Paradigms and Transducer Functions | |
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| Simple Detection and Identification Paradigm | |
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| 2 x 2 Paradigm | |
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| Predictions of Independent-Analyzers Models for 2 x 2 Paradigm | |
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| Concurrent Paradigm | |
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| Predictions for Concurrent Experiments | |
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| Comparison of Independent-Analyzers Models' Predictions with Spatial-Frequency Results | |
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| Predictions of More General Independent-Analyzers Models | |
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| Adding a Transducer Function | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix. Methods for Calculating Predictions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Multiple Dimensions | |
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| Some General Considerations | |
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| Review and Preview | |
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| Doubly versus Singly Selective Analyzers | |
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| Covariations Hidden by Broad-Band Stimuli on a Nonexperimental Dimension | |
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| Separability | |
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| Parametric Contrast Sensitivity Experiments | |
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| How Visual Pattern Analyzers Might Exist along 17 Dimensions | |
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| Interrelationships among Pattern Dimensions | |
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| Special Points about Interpreting Experiments on Each Pattern Dimension | |
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| Summary | |
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| Results of Analyzer-Revealing Experiments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analyzers on Spatial Dimensions | |
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| Analyzers on Temporal Dimensions | |
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| The Other Dimensions | |
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| About Discrepancies between Identification and Adaptation/Summation Results | |
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| Correlation and Inhibition | |
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| An Aside about Physiology--Selective Sensitivity along Visual Pattern Dimensions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Description of List of References to Analyzer-Revealing Experiments | |
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| The List of References to Analyzer-Revealing Experiments | |
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| Notes | |
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| Results of Parametric Experiments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Spatial Frequency | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Orientation | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Spatial Position | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Spatial Extent and Spatial Phase | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Temporal Frequency | |
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| Sensitivity on the Other Temporal Dimensions | |
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| Performance as a Function of Contrast | |
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| Sensitivity as a Function of Mean Luminance | |
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| Sensitivity Is Generally the Same for the Two Eyes | |
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| Effects of Other Factors | |
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| Equipment Including Surrounds | |
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| An Aside about Physiology--Possible Substrates for Parametric Sensitivity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Description of List of References to Parametric Experiments | |
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| The List of References to Parametric Experiments | |
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| Note | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Assumptions According to Function in Multiple-Analyzers Models | |
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| Definitions of Assumptions in Sequential Order | |
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| References | |
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| Index of Assumptions | |
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| Index | |