Plato, Socrates, and the Dialogues | p. 3 |
Preliminary | p. 3 |
Approaches to the Dialogues | p. 4 |
Aristotle and the Dialogues | p. 5 |
Why Dialogues? | p. 7 |
Aristotle and Socrates | p. 8 |
The Order of the Dialogues | p. 11 |
Plato's Attitude to Socrates | p. 13 |
Socrates in the History of Greek Ethics | p. 15 |
Socrates' Method | p. 17 |
Socratic Ignorance and Socratic Method | p. 17 |
Uses of the Elenchos | p. 18 |
Socrates' Constructive Method | p. 20 |
The Demand for an Account | p. 21 |
Accounts and Definitions | p. 22 |
Adequate Definitions | p. 23 |
Types of Definition | p. 25 |
Knowledge and Definition | p. 27 |
Difficulties about Socratic Ignorance | p. 28 |
Difficulties in Socratic Method | p. 29 |
Socrates' Arguments about the Virtues | p. 31 |
The Character of the Dialogues | p. 31 |
Common Beliefs | p. 32 |
Happiness | p. 32 |
Virtue | p. 33 |
Virtue and the Virtues | p. 35 |
Action, Character, and Virtue | p. 36 |
The Fine and the Good | p. 37 |
Temperance and Knowledge | p. 38 |
Bravery and Knowledge | p. 40 |
Temperance and the Unity of the Virtues | p. 41 |
Bravery and the Unity of the Virtues | p. 42 |
Justice and the Good of the Agent | p. 44 |
Justice and the Good of Others | p. 46 |
The Guiding Principles of Socratic Inquiry | p. 48 |
The Elenchos and the Search for Definitions | p. 49 |
Socrates' Treatment of Common Beliefs | p. 50 |
Socrates: From Happiness to Virtue | p. 52 |
The Importance of the Euthydemus | p. 52 |
Eudaemonism | p. 52 |
Why Eudaemonism? | p. 53 |
Happiness, Wisdom, and Fortune | p. 55 |
Wisdom and the Correct Use of Assets | p. 56 |
Wisdom as the Only Good | p. 56 |
The Sufficiency of Virtue for Happiness | p. 58 |
Use and Misuse of Knowledge | p. 60 |
Socrates' Defence of His Guiding Principles | p. 61 |
Questions about Socrates' Defence | p. 63 |
Difficulties for Socrates | p. 65 |
The Questions about Happiness | p. 65 |
Is Virtue Instrumental to Happiness? | p. 67 |
Is Virtue a Craft? | p. 68 |
Aristotle on Virtue and Craft | p. 70 |
Aristotle on Production and Action | p. 71 |
Virtues, Crafts, and Instrumental Means | p. 72 |
Why Is Virtue Sufficient for Happiness? | p. 73 |
Virtue, Craft, and Non-Rational Desires | p. 75 |
Implications of an Instrumental View | p. 76 |
The Protagoras | p. 78 |
The Aims of the Dialogue | p. 78 |
Protagoras and Socrates on Virtue | p. 79 |
Preliminary Arguments for the Unity of the Virtues | p. 80 |
The Appeal to Hedonism | p. 81 |
The Denial of Incontinence | p. 83 |
The Last Argument for the Unity of the Virtues | p. 84 |
Questions about Socratic Hedonism | p. 85 |
Eudaemonism and Hedonism | p. 87 |
Advantages of Hedonism | p. 88 |
Hedonism and Instrumentalism | p. 89 |
Hedonism and the Virtues | p. 90 |
Socratic Method in the Protagoras | p. 92 |
The Argument of the Gorgias | p. 95 |
The Main Issues | p. 95 |
Objections to Rhetoric | p. 96 |
Rhetoric and Justice | p. 97 |
Power and Justice | p. 99 |
The Argument with Callicles | p. 101 |
Callicles' Moral Position | p. 102 |
Callicles' Conception of Happiness | p. 104 |
Socrates' Conception of Happiness | p. 106 |
Socrates' Reply to Callicles | p. 106 |
Rhetoric and Pleasure | p. 108 |
Happiness and Rational Order | p. 109 |
Implications of the Gorgias | p. 111 |
Quantitative Hedonism | p. 111 |
Pleasure and Good | p. 113 |
Psychic Order | p. 114 |
Socratic Eudaemonism in the Gorgias | p. 116 |
The Adaptive Conception of Happiness | p. 117 |
Wisdom and Happiness | p. 118 |
Happiness and External Goods | p. 118 |
Happiness, Virtue, and Justice | p. 120 |
The Treatment of the Interlocutor | p. 121 |
The Constructive Use of the Elenchos | p. 122 |
The Contribution of the Gorgias to Socratic Moral Theory | p. 124 |
Socratic Method and Socratic Ethics: The Meno | p. 127 |
Questions about Socratic Method | p. 127 |
Inquiry and Knowledge | p. 128 |
Accounts and Definitions | p. 129 |
Definition, Explanation, and Knowledge | p. 130 |
The Paradox of Inquiry | p. 130 |
A Successful Inquiry | p. 132 |
A Defence of Socratic Inquiry | p. 133 |
Aspects of Recollection | p. 135 |
Virtue as Knowledge: For and Against | p. 136 |
Virtue and Benefit | p. 137 |
Psychological Eudaemonism in the Meno | p. 138 |
Knowledge and Teaching | p. 140 |
Knowledge, Belief, and Socratic Inquiry | p. 141 |
Knowledge, Belief, and Stability | p. 143 |
Knowledge, Belief, and Virtue | p. 145 |
The Meno and Socratic Ethics | p. 146 |
The Theory of Forms | p. 148 |
Socratic Method and Platonic Metaphysics | p. 148 |
Definition and Unity | p. 149 |
Convention and Objectivity | p. 150 |
Epistemological Requirements for a Definition | p. 152 |
Compresence of Opposites | p. 154 |
Compresence and Explanation | p. 155 |
The Form and the 'Many' | p. 156 |
The Role of the Senses | p. 157 |
Sensible Properties | p. 160 |
Objections to the Senses: Types of Flux | p. 161 |
The Senses and the Compresence of Opposites | p. 163 |
Difficulties about Moral Properties | p. 163 |
Definitions and Hypotheses | p. 166 |
Republic I | p. 169 |
The Significance of Book I | p. 169 |
Cephalus | p. 170 |
Polemarchus | p. 171 |
Simonides on Justice | p. 172 |
Thrasymachus' Account | p. 174 |
Objections to Thrasymachus: Rulers and Crafts | p. 176 |
Thrasymachus on Justice and Virtue | p. 177 |
Psychic Order | p. 178 |
The Human Function | p. 179 |
Results of Book I | p. 180 |
Republic II: Objections to Justice | p. 181 |
The Question about Justice | p. 181 |
Justice and Its Consequences | p. 182 |
Gyges' Ring | p. 184 |
The Choice of Lives | p. 185 |
Apparent and Real Justice | p. 187 |
Glaucon, Adeimantus, and Thrasymachus | p. 188 |
The Division of Goods | p. 189 |
The Superiority of Justice | p. 191 |
The Relation of Justice to Happiness | p. 192 |
Virtue and Reliability | p. 194 |
Admiration for Virtue | p. 195 |
Virtue, Knowledge, and Perfection | p. 197 |
Socrates and the Praise of Justice | p. 198 |
Socrates and the Relation of Virtue to Happiness | p. 199 |
Socrates and the Definition of Justice | p. 200 |
Are Plato's Questions Reasonable? | p. 201 |
Republic IV: The Division of the Soul | p. 203 |
The Argument of Book IV | p. 203 |
Plato's Argument for the Division of the Soul | p. 203 |
Conflicts between Desires | p. 205 |
Rational Desires versus Appetites | p. 206 |
Desire and Contrariety | p. 207 |
The Appetitive Part | p. 209 |
The Spirited Part | p. 211 |
The Rational Part | p. 214 |
Reasons for the Tripartition of the Soul | p. 216 |
Parts of the Soul as Agents | p. 217 |
The Unity of a Part of the Soul | p. 218 |
Relations between Parts of the Soul | p. 220 |
Republic IV: The Virtues | p. 223 |
The Division of the Soul and the Account of the Virtues | p. 223 |
Connexions between the Virtues: Bravery | p. 224 |
Connexions between the Virtues: Temperance | p. 226 |
Justice and the Other Virtues | p. 227 |
Is Knowledge Necessary for Virtue? The Political Analogy | p. 229 |
Virtue without Wisdom? | p. 230 |
Knowledge and Stability | p. 231 |
Knowledge, Reasons, and Virtue | p. 233 |
Degrees of Virtue | p. 234 |
Virtue, Knowledge, and Autonomy | p. 235 |
Is Knowledge Sufficient for Virtue? | p. 236 |
The Reciprocity and Unity of the Virtues | p. 237 |
The Republic and the Socratic Dialogues | p. 239 |
Socratic and Platonic Doctrines in Greek Ethics | p. 242 |
Republic IV: Justice and Happiness | p. 244 |
The Questions about Justice | p. 244 |
The Function of the Rational Part | p. 245 |
The Role of Practical Reason | p. 247 |
Socrates on Happiness: Some Objections | p. 248 |
Socrates on Happiness: Some Ambiguities | p. 250 |
Happiness and the Human Function | p. 252 |
Justice and the Human Function | p. 253 |
The Dominance of Justice | p. 254 |
An Objection to Plato's Account of Justice | p. 256 |
Common Views about Justice | p. 257 |
An Answer to Thrasymachus? | p. 260 |
Republic V-VII | p. 262 |
Socratic Definition in the Republic | p. 262 |
The Philosophers and the Sight-Lovers | p. 264 |
The Importance of the Sight-Lovers | p. 265 |
Knowledge and Belief | p. 266 |
Plato's Objection to the Sight-Lovers | p. 268 |
Are the Sight-Lovers Refuted? | p. 269 |
The Sun | p. 271 |
The Form of the Good | p. 272 |
The Divided Line | p. 274 |
The Cave on Belief | p. 275 |
The Cave on Knowledge | p. 277 |
Epistemology and Moral Theory | p. 279 |
Republic VIII-IX on Justice | p. 281 |
The Place of Books VIII-IX | p. 281 |
Sources of Psychic Injustice | p. 282 |
The Decline of the Soul | p. 283 |
Choices in Unjust Souls | p. 284 |
Rational Choices in the Decline of the Soul | p. 285 |
The Rational Part of an Unjust Soul | p. 287 |
The Functions of the Rational Part | p. 288 |
The Rational Part and the Choice of Ends | p. 290 |
The Pleasures of the Rational Part | p. 291 |
The Special Concerns of the Rational Part | p. 292 |
The Good of the Whole Soul | p. 294 |
A Fuller Conception of Psychic Justice | p. 295 |
Platonic Love | p. 298 |
The Questions about Justice and Interest | p. 298 |
Philosophers as Rulers | p. 299 |
The Aims of the Rational Part | p. 301 |
The Puzzles about Love in the Republic | p. 302 |
Aspects of Eros | p. 303 |
Concern for the Future | p. 306 |
Concern for Others | p. 308 |
Propagation and Love of Other Persons | p. 310 |
Platonic Love and Platonic Justice | p. 311 |
The Justice of the Philosopher-Rulers | p. 313 |
Conclusions from the Republic | p. 316 |
Pleasure, Intelligence, and the Good | p. 318 |
The Scope of the Philebus | p. 318 |
The Diversity of Pleasures | p. 319 |
One and Many | p. 321 |
Limit and Unlimited | p. 323 |
Limit and Norm | p. 324 |
Questions about Limit and Unlimited | p. 325 |
The Choice of Pleasures | p. 327 |
False Pleasures | p. 328 |
Better and Worse Pleasures | p. 330 |
The Character of the Good | p. 332 |
Completeness and External Goods | p. 335 |
The Special Role of Intelligence | p. 337 |
Reason and Virtue | p. 339 |
Questions Raised in the Late Dialogues | p. 339 |
The Disunity of the Virtues | p. 339 |
Pleasure and Desire | p. 342 |
Pleasure and Happiness | p. 343 |
Virtue and Happiness | p. 345 |
The Cardinal Virtues | p. 347 |
Wisdom and Virtue | p. 349 |
Conditions for Wisdom | p. 350 |
Notes | p. 355 |
References | p. 393 |
Index Locorum | p. 407 |
Index Nominum | p. 419 |
General Index | p. 423 |
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