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| List of Tables and Figures | |
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| Prologue: At the Airport | |
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| An airport scene | |
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| Why study traditional societies? | |
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| States | |
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| Types of traditional societies | |
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| Approaches, causes, and sources | |
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| A small book about a big subject | |
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| Plan of the book | |
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| Setting the Stage by Dividing Space | |
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| Friends, Enemies, Strangers, and Traders | |
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| A boundary | |
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| Mutually exclusive territories | |
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| Non-exclusive land use | |
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| Friends, enemies, and strangers | |
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| First contacts | |
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| Trade and traders | |
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| Market economies | |
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| Traditional forms of trade a Traditional trade items | |
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| Who trades what? | |
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| Tiny nations | |
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| Peace and War | |
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| Compensation for the Death of a Child | |
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| An accident | |
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| A ceremony a What if …? | |
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| What the state did | |
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| New Guinea compensation | |
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| Life-long relationships | |
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| Other non-state societies | |
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| State authority | |
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| State civil justice | |
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| Defects in state civil justice | |
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| State criminal justice | |
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| Restorative justice | |
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| Advantages and their price | |
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| A Short Chapter, About a Tiny War | |
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| The Dani War | |
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| The war's time-line | |
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| The war's death toll | |
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| A Longer Chapter, About Many Wars | |
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| Definitions of war | |
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| Sources of information | |
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| Forms of traditional warfare | |
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| Mortality rates | |
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| Similarities and differences | |
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| Ending warfare | |
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| Effects of European contact | |
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| Warlike animals, peaceful peoples | |
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| Motives for traditional war | |
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| Ultimate reasons | |
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| Whom do people fight? | |
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| Forgetting Pearl Harbor | |
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| Young and Old | |
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| Bringing Up Children | |
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| Comparisons of child-rearing | |
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| Childbirth | |
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| Infanticide | |
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| Weaning and birth interval | |
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| On-demand nursing | |
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| Infant-adult contact | |
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| Fathers and allo-parents | |
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| Responses to crying infants | |
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| Physical punishment | |
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| Child autonomy | |
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| Multi-age playgroups | |
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| Child play and education | |
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| Their kids and our kids | |
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| The Treatment of Old People: Cherish, Abandon, or Kill? | |
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| The elderly | |
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| Expectations about eldercare | |
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| Why abandon or kill? | |
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| Usefulness of old people | |
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| Society's values | |
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| Society's rules | |
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| Better or worse today? | |
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| What to do with older people? | |
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| Danger and Response | |
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| Constructive Paranoia | |
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| Attitudes towards danger | |
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| A night visit | |
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| A boat accident | |
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| Just a stick in the ground | |
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| Taking risks | |
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| Risks and talkativeness | |
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| Lions and Other Dangers | |
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| Dangers of traditional life | |
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| Accidents | |
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| Vigilance | |
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| Human violence | |
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| Diseases | |
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| Responses to diseases | |
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| Starvation | |
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| Unpredictable food shortages | |
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| Scatter your land | |
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| Seasonality and food storage | |
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| Diet broadening | |
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| Aggregation and dispersal | |
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| Responses to danger | |
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| Religion, Language, and Health | |
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| What Electric Eels Tell Us About the Evolution of Religion | |
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| Questions about religion | |
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| Definitions of religion | |
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| Functions and electric eels | |
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| The search for causal explanations | |
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| Supernatural beliefs | |
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| Religion's function of explanation | |
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| Defusing anxiety | |
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| Providing comfort | |
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| Organization and obedience | |
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| Codes of behavior towards strangers | |
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| Justifying war | |
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| Badges of commitment | |
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| Measures of religious success | |
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| Changes in religion's functions | |
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| Speaking in Many Tongues | |
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| Multilingualism | |
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| The world's language total | |
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| How languages evolve | |
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| Geography of language diversity | |
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| Traditional multilingualism | |
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| Benefits of bilingualism | |
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| Alzheimer's disease | |
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| Vanishing languages | |
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| How languages disappear | |
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| Are minority languages harmful? | |
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| Why preserve languages? | |
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| How can we protect languages? | |
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| Salt, Sugar, Fat, and Sloth | |
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| Non-communicable diseases | |
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| Our salt intake | |
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| Salt and blood pressure | |
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| Causes of hypertension | |
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| Dietary sources of salt | |
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| Diabetes | |
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| Types of diabetes | |
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| Genes, environment, and diabetes | |
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| Pima Indians and Nauru Islanders | |
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| Diabetes in India | |
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| Benefits of genes for diabetes | |
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| Why is diabetes low in Europeans? | |
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| The future of non-communicable diseases | |
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| Epilogue: At Another Airport | |
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| From the jungle to the 405 | |
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| Advantages of the modern world | |
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| Advantages of the traditional world | |
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| What can we learn? | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Index | |
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| Illustration Credits | |