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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Surveying | |
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| Geomatics | |
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| History of Surveying | |
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| Geodetic and Plane Surveys | |
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| Importance of Surveying | |
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| Specialized Types of Surveys | |
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| Surveying Safety | |
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| Land and Geographic Information Systems | |
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| Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies | |
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| The Surveying Profession | |
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| Professional Surveying Organizations | |
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| Surveying on the Internet | |
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| Future Challenges in Surveying | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Units, Significant Figures, and Field Notes | |
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| Units and Significant Figures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Units of Measurement 25t | |
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| International System of Units (SI) | |
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| Significant Figures | |
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| Rounding Off NumbersPart II Field Notes | |
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| Field Notes | |
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| General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes | |
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| Types of Field Books | |
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| Kinds of Notes | |
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| Arrangements of Notes | |
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| Suggestions for Recording Notes | |
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| Introduction to Data Collectors | |
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| Transfer of Files from Data Collectors | |
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| Digital Data File Management | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Theory of Errors in Observations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Direct and Indirect Observations | |
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| Errors in Measurements | |
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| Mistakes | |
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| Sources of Errors in Making Observations | |
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| Types of Errors | |
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| Precision and Accuracy | |
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| Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors | |
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| Probability | |
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| Most Probable Value | |
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| Residuals | |
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| Occurrence of Random Errors | |
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| General Laws of Probability | |
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| Measures of Precision | |
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| Interpretation of Standard Deviation | |
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| The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors | |
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| Error Propagation | |
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| Error of a Sum | |
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| Error of a Series | |
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| Error in a Product | |
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| Error in the Mean | |
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| Applications | |
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| Conditional Adjustment of Observations | |
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| Weights of Observations | |
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| Least-Squares Adjustment | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Leveling-Theory, Methods, and Equipment | |
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| Leveling-Theory and Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions | |
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| North American Vertical Datum | |
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| Curvature and Refraction | |
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| Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation | |
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| Measuring Vertical Distances by Taping or Electronic Methods | |
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| Differential Leveling | |
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| Barometric Leveling | |
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| Trigonometric Leveling | |
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| Equipment for Differential Leveling | |
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| Categories of Levels | |
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| Telescopes | |
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| Level Vials | |
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| Tilting Levels | |
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| Automatic Levels | |
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| Digital Levels | |
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| Tripods | |
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| Hand Level | |
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| Level Rods | |
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| Testing and Adjusting Levels | |
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| Requirements for Testing and Adjusting Instruments | |
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| Adjusting for Parallax | |
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| Testing and Adjusting Level Vials | |
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| Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair | |
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| Testing and Adjusting the Line of Sight | |
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| Problems | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Leveling Field Procedures and Computations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carrying and Setting Up a Level | |
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| Duties of a Rodperson | |
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| Differential Leveling | |
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| Precision | |
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| Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits | |
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| Reciprocal Leveling | |
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| Three-Wire Leveling | |
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| Profile Leveling | |
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| Staking and Stationing the Reference Line | |
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| Field Procedures for Profile Leveling | |
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| Drawing and Using the Profile | |
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| Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling | |
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| Use of the Hand Level | |
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| Sources of Error in<$$$> | |