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| Introduction: Decision and Argument | |
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| Argument | |
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| Check-Ups | |
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| Check-Up 1A | |
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| Six Basic Elements in Critical Thinking: The FRISCO Approach | |
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| Writing a Position Paper Using Critical Thinking | |
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| Responsibility for the Wise Exercise of Your Knowledge | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Check-Up 1B | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 1 | |
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| Argument Analysis: Identifying Conclusions and Reasons | |
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| The Murder Trial | |
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| Conclusions and Reasons | |
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| Check-Up 2A | |
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| Check-Up 2B | |
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| Propositions with Two or More Parts | |
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| Figuring Out the Conclusion | |
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| Since and Because in Explanations that Try to Account for Something | |
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| Summary So Far | |
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| Check-Up 2C | |
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| An Alternative: Diagramming the Whole Argument | |
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| Check-Up 2D | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 2 | |
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| The Credibility of Sources | |
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| Four Basic Criteria for Credibility | |
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| Tabulating the Results | |
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| Check-Up 3A | |
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| Further Criteria | |
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| Check-Up 3B | |
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| Fallacy Labels | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Check-Up 3C | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 3 | |
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| Observation | |
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| Credibility Criteria | |
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| Conclusions Versus Observations | |
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| Check-Up 4A | |
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| The Process of Observing | |
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| Observation Reports | |
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| Check-Up 4B | |
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| Making an Overall Appraisal of an Observation Statement | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Check-Up 4C | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 4 | |
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| Deduction: Class Logic | |
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| Deductive Validity and Invalidity | |
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| Check-Up 5A | |
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| A Basic Circle System | |
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| Check-Up 5B | |
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| Check-Up 5C | |
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| Check-Up 5D | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 5 | |
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| Deduction: Propositional Logic | |
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| Propositions | |
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| If-Then Reasoning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check-Up 6A | |
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| Affirming and Denying the Antecedent and Consequent | |
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| Summary So Far | |
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| Check-Up 6B | |
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| Negation | |
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| Check-Up 6C | |
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| Saving Time with Letters | |
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| Check-Up 6D | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 6 | |
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| Conjunction, Alternation, and Embedded Complex Propositions | |
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| Check-Up 6E | |
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| Applications of Deductive Logic: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, Straight Deduction, Loose Derivation, and Assumption Attribution | |
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| Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | |
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| Soundness in Deductive Logic | |
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| Three Cases of Deduction in Context | |
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| Loose Derivation | |
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| Summary So Far | |
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| Check-Up 7A | |
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| Assumption Attribution and Identification | |
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| Check-Up 7B | |
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| Application of Deductive Logic in Writing Position Papers | |
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| The Distinction Between Needed and Used Implicit Assumptions in Real Situations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Check-Up 7C | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 7 | |
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| Experimentation, Diagnosis, and Troubleshooting | |
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| Control Group Experimentation | |
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| Check-Up 8A | |
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| Systematic control of the Variables-Without Using a Separate Control Group | |
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| Check-Up 8B | |
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| Comparability | |
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| Summary so Far | |
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| Check-Up 8C | |
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| Experimental Reasoning Assumptions | |
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| The Reasoning Pattern in Rejecting Hypotheses | |
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| Accepting Hypotheses: Four Criteria | |
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| Summary so Far-and Comment | |
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| Check-Up 8D | |
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| Diagnosis or Troubleshooting | |
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| Check-Up 8E | |
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| Writing About Your Results | |
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| Check-Up 8F | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 8 | |
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| Best-Explanation and Causal Inference: Argument and Writing Strategy | |
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| Best-Explanation Hypotheses | |
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| Check-Up 9A | |
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| Necessarily Following: Deductive Versus Best-Explanation Inference and General Argument Strategy | |
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| Check-up 9B | |
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| Causation | |
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| Check-Up 9C | |
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| Best-Explanation and Casual Reasoning in Position Papers and Other Argumentative Writings | |
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| Check-Up 9D | |
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| Suggested Answers for Chapter 9 | |
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| Generalization: Meaning, Sampling, Typicality, Tables, Graphs, and Correlations | |
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| Types of Generalizations | |
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| Check-up 10A | |
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| Sampling and Typicality | |
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| Check-Up 10B | |
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| Interpretati | |