| |
| |
| |
The Fundamentals of Electricity | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage and Current | |
| |
| |
Problem Solver | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Structure of Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
The Atom | |
| |
| |
| |
Laws of Attraction and Repulsion | |
| |
| |
| |
The Molecule | |
| |
| |
| |
Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Coulombs per Second | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ampere | |
| |
| |
| |
Units of Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Conventional versus Electron Flow | |
| |
| |
| |
How Is Current Measured? | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
Units of Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
How Is Voltage Measured? | |
| |
| |
| |
Fluid Analogy of Current and Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Current Is Directly Proportional to Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Conductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Conductance | |
| |
| |
| |
Insulators | |
| |
| |
| |
The Open, Closed, and Short Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Circuit (Open Switch) | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Circuit (Open Component) | |
| |
| |
| |
Closed Circuit (Closed Switch) | |
| |
| |
| |
Short Circuit (Shorted Component) | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistance and Power | |
| |
| |
Genius of Chippewa Falls | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is Resistance? | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ohm | |
| |
| |
| |
Ohm's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ohm's Law Triangle | |
| |
| |
| |
Current Is Proportional to Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Current Is Inversely Proportional to Resistance | |
| |
| |
| |
Conductors and Their Resistance | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Resistance Formula | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature Effects on Conductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Maximum Conductor Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Conductor and Connector Types | |
| |
| |
| |
Energy, Work, and Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculating Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculating Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Measuring Power | |
| |
| |
| |
The Kilowatt-Hour | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistors | |
| |
| |
At the Core of Apple | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistor Types | |
| |
| |
| |
Fixed-Value Resistors | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable-Value Resistors | |
| |
| |
| |
How Is Resistance Measured? | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistor Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
General-Purpose and Precision Color Code | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Resistor Identification Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Power Dissipation Due to Resistance | |
| |
| |
| |
Filament Resistor | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Resistors | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct-Current Electronics | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Current (DC) | |
| |
| |
The First Computer Bug | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Source and Load | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct-Current Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanically Generated DC: Mechanical[right arrow]Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermally Generated DC: Heat[right arrow]Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
Optically Generated DC: Light[right arrow]Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
Magnetically Generated DC: Magnetic[right arrow]Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemically Generated DC: Chemical[right arrow]Electrical | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrically Generated DC | |
| |
| |
| |
Equipment Protection | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuses | |
| |
| |
| |
Circuit Breakers | |
| |
| |
| |
Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
Protoboards | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Series DC Circuits | |
| |
| |
The First Pocket Calculator | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Components in Series | |
| |
| |
| |
Current in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistance in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Fixed Voltage Divider | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable Voltage Divider | |
| |
| |
| |
Power in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Maximum Power Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Troubleshooting a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Component in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Component Value Variation in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Shorted Component in a Series Circuit | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel DC Circuits | |
| |
| |
An Apple a Day | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Components in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Current in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistance in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Resistors in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
Equal-Value Resistors in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
Power in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Troubleshooting a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Component in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Shorted Component in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Component Value Variation in a Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Parallel Circuit Troubleshooting | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Series--Parallel DC Circuits | |
| |
| |
The Christie Bridge Circuit | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Series- and Parallel-Connected Components | |
| |
| |
| |
Total Resistance in a Series--Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage Division in a Series--Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Branch Currents in a Series--Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Power in a Series--Parallel Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Five-Step Method for Series--Parallel Circuit Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Series--Parallel Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
Loading of Voltage-Divider Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
The Wheatstone Bridge | |
| |
| |
| |
Troubleshooting Series--Parallel Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Component | |
| |
| |
| |
Shorted Component | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistor Value Variation | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternating-Current Electronics | |
| |
| |
| |
Alternating Current (AC) | |
| |
| |
The Laser | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Difference between DC and AC | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Alternating Current? | |
| |
| |
| |
Power Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Information Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrical Equipment or Electronic Equipment? | |
| |
| |
| |
AC Wave Shapes | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sine Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
The Square Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
The Rectangular or Pulse Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
The Triangular Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sawtooth Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
Measuring and Generating AC Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
The AC Meter | |
| |
| |
| |
The Oscilloscope | |
| |
| |
| |
The Function Generator and Frequency Counter | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitance and Capacitors | |
| |
| |
Back to the Future | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitor Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor | |
| |
| |
| |
Charging a Capacitor | |
| |
| |
| |
Discharging a Capacitor | |
| |
| |
| |
The Unit of Capacitance | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors Determining Capacitance | |
| |
| |
| |
Dielectric Breakdown and Leakage | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitors in Combination | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitors in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitors in Series | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable-Value Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
Coding of Capacitance Values | |
| |
| |
| |
Alphanumeric Labels | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitive Time Constant | |
| |
| |
| |
DC Charging | |
| |
| |
| |
DC Discharging | |
| |
| |
| |
AC Charge and Discharge | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Relationship between Capacitor Current and Voltage | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitive Circuits, Testing, and Applications | |
| |
| |
Let's Toss for It! | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Capacitive Reactance | |
| |
| |
| |
Series RC Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Angle or Shift ([theta]) | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel RC Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ohmmeter | |
| |
| |
| |
The Capacitance Meter or Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
Combining AC and DC | |
| |
| |
| |
The Capacitive Voltage Divider | |
| |
| |
| |
RC Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
The RC Integrator | |
| |
| |
| |
The RC Differentiator | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Induction | |
| |
| |
The Great Experimenter | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Electromagnetism | |
| |
| |
| |
Atomic Theory of Electromagnetism | |
| |
| |
| |
DC, AC, and the Electromagnet | |
| |
| |
| |
Magnetic Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of Electromagnetism | |
| |
| |
| |
Electromagnetic Induction | |
| |
| |
| |
Faraday's Law | |
| |
| |
| |
The Weber | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductance and Inductors | |
| |
| |
The Wizard of Menlo Park | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Self-Induction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Inductor | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors Determining Inductance | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductors in Combination | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductors in Series | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductors in Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Inductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Fixed-Value Inductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable-Value Inductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductive Time Constant | |
| |
| |
| |
DC Current Rise | |
| |
| |
| |
DC Current Fall | |
| |
| |
| |
AC Rise and Fall | |
| |
| |
| |
Inductive Reactance | |
| |
| |
| |
Series RL Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance (Z) | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Shift | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel RL Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Inductors | |
| |
| |
| |
Open | |
| |
| |
| |
Complete or Section Short | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of Inductors | |
| |
| |
| |
RL Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
RL Integrator | |
| |
| |
| |
RL Differentiator | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformers | |
| |
| |
Woolen Mill Makes Minis | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Mutual Inductance | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Transformer | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformer Loading | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformer Ratios and Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Turns Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Power and Current Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Windings and Phase | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformer Types | |
| |
| |
| |
Fixed Turns Ratio Transformers | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable Turns Ratio Transformers | |
| |
| |
| |
Transformer Ratings | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Transformers | |
| |
| |
| |
Open Primary or Secondary Winding | |
| |
| |
| |
Complete Short or Section Short in Primary or Secondary Winding | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive (RLC) Circuits | |
| |
| |
The Fairchildren | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Series RLC Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel RLC Circuit | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Current | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
Power | |
| |
| |
| |
Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
Series Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
Parallel Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications of RLC Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
Low-Pass Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Pass Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
Bandpass Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
Band-Stop Filter | |
| |
| |
Review | |
| |
| |
Appendixes | |
| |
| |
| |
Answers to Self-Test Evaluation Points | |
| |
| |
| |
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems | |
| |
| |
Index | |