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| Preface | |
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| About the Author | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and Scope of Forensic Science | |
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| History and Development of Forensic Science | |
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| Organization of a Crime Laboratory | |
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| Services of the Crime Laboratory | |
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| Functions of the Forensic Scientist | |
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| Other Forensic Science Services | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Case Study: Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial | |
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| The Crime Scene | |
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| Processing the Crime Scene | |
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| Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Case Study: The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare | |
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| Physical Evidence | |
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| Common Types of Physical Evidence | |
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| The Significance of Physical Evidence | |
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| Forensic Databases | |
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| Crime Scene Reconstruction | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Case Study: Fiber Evidence and the Wayne William Trial | |
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| Physical Properties: Glass and Soil | |
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| The Metric System | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Comparing Glass Fragments | |
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| Glass Fractures | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence | |
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| Forensic Characteristics of Soil | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Organic Analysis | |
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| Elements and Compounds | |
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| Selecting an Analytical Technique | |
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| Chromatography | |
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| Spectrophotometry | |
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| Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Inorganic Analysis | |
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| Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy | |
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| The Emission Spectrum of Elements | |
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| Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer | |
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| The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra | |
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| Neutron Activation Analysis | |
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| X-Ray Diffraction | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| The Microscope | |
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| The Compound Microscope | |
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| The Comparison Microscope | |
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| The Stereoscopic Microscope | |
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| The Polarizing Microscope | |
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| The Microspectrophotometer | |
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| The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Case Study: Microscopic Trace Evidence-The Overlooked Clue | |
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| Hairs, Fibers, and Paint | |
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| Morphology of Hair | |
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| Identification and Comparison of Hair | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence | |
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| Types of Fibers | |
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| Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence | |
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| Forensic Examination of Paint | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Drugs | |
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| Drug Dependence | |
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| Narcotic Drugs | |
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| Hallucinogens | |
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| Depressants | |
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| Stimulants | |
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| Club Drugs | |
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| Anabolic Steroids | |
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| Drug-Control Laws | |
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| Drug Identification | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Forensic Toxicology | |
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| Toxicology of Alcohol | |
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| The Role of the Toxicologist | |
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| Techniques Used in Toxicology | |
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| The Significance of Toxicological Findings | |
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| The Drug Recognition Expert | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations | |
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| The Chemistry of Fire | |
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| Searching the Fire Scene | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence | |
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| Analysis of Flammable Residues | |
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| Types of Explosives | |
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| Collection and Analysis of Explosives | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Forensic Serology | |
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| The Nature of Blood | |
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| Immunoassay Techniques | |
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| Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains | |
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| Stain Patterns of Blood | |
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| Principles of Heredity | |
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| Forensic Characterization of Semen | |
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| Collection of Rape Evidence | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool | |
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| What Is DNA? | |
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| DNA at Work | |
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| Replication of DNA | |
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| Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA | |
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| DNA Typing | |
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| Mitochondrial DNA | |
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| The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Case Study: The Forensic Community's Response to September 11 | |
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| Fingerprints | |
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| History of Fingerprinting | |
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| Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints | |
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| Classification of Fingerprints | |
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| Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | |
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| Methods of Detecting Fingerprints | |
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| Preservation of Developed Prints | |
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| Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions | |
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| Bullet Comparisons | |
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| Cartridge Cases | |
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| Automated Firearms Search Systems | |
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| Gunpowder Residues | |
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| Primer Residues on the Hands | |
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| Serial Number Restoration | |
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| Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence | |
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| Tool Marks | |
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| Other Impressions | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Document and Voice Examination | |
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| Handwriting Comparisons | |
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| Collection of Handwriting Exemplars | |
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| Typescript Comparisons | |
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| Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination | |
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| Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations | |
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| Other Document Problems | |
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| Voice Examination | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Computer Forensics | |
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| From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| How Data Is Stored | |
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| Processing the Electronic Crime Scene | |
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| Evidentiary Data | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| Computer Forensic Analysis Answers the Question "Arson or Accident?" | |
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| Counterfeiting and Fraud: A Forensic Computer Investigation | |
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| Forensic Science and the Internet | |
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| What Is the Internet? | |
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| Where to Go on the Internet | |
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| Exploring Forensic Science on the World Wide Web | |
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| Websites You May Wish to Explore | |
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| Forensic Analysis of Internet Data | |
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| Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications | |
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| Hacking | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further References | |
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| The Future | |
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| Case Readings | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence-FBI | |
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| Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) | |
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| Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained in the Text | |
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| Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development | |
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| Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood | |
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| Answers | |
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| Index | |
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| Photo Credits | |