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| Preface | |
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| Temples and Priests | |
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| Flood Stories | |
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| The Flood in The Epic of Gilgamesb | |
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| The Flood in Genesis | |
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| Divinity and Its Limitations | |
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| The Gods in Their Temples: a Sacred Marriage Drama | |
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| Sacred Prostitution | |
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| Covenant and Consequences | |
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| Hear O Israel! The Shema | |
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| The Covenant as a Marriage Contract: Hosea | |
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| The Call of the Prophet | |
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| Prophets and Palaces: Jeremiah Confronts the King | |
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| "I Will Be With Him in Trouble": Personal Religion and Piety | |
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| Empire, Exile, and Monotheism | |
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| The Great Hymn to the Aten | |
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| Yahweh: The Lord of History | |
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| Tombs and Immortality | |
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| Book Writing: A New Form of Immortality | |
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| Caught in the Act: Ancient Egyptian Tomb Robbers | |
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| Palaces and Kings | |
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| Loyalty to the King: the Egyptian Theory of Government | |
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| But if Pharaoh Fails...? | |
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| Women in Power | |
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| Ku Baba | |
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| Zakutu, Wife of Sennacherib | |
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| Jezebel | |
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| Athaliah | |
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| A Critique of Kingship: the Negative View of Samuel | |
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| War and Warfare | |
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| Sumerian Intercity Wars: Umma versus Lagash | |
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| Sargon of Akkad: The Idea of Empire | |
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| Egyptian Imperialism and Terror | |
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| Assyrian Use of Terror | |
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| The Fall of Jerusalem | |
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| The Horrors of Siege | |
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| POWs and MIAs | |
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| "A Palace of Cedar, Cypress, Juniper...and Tamarisk": Builders As Well As Destroyers | |
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| An Imperial Coup D'etat: The Behistun Inscription of Darius I | |
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| "That the Strong Might Not Oppress the Weak, and That They Should Give Justice to Orphans and Widows" | |
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| Hammurapi's Justice | |
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| "To Fill the Vast Land with a Plenitude of Food and Lasting Happiness: The Characteristics of a Perfect Kingship" | |
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| The Justice of the Pharaoh | |
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| "They Carry the Sheaves, but Still Go Hungry; They Tread the Winepresses, yet Suffer Thirst" | |
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| A Model Persian Governor: Cyrus the Younger (ca. 400 B.C.) | |
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| Daily Life | |
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| Marriage and Property | |
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| Marriage and Children | |
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| Laws Regarding Sex | |
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| Disputes, Litigation, Punishment | |
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| Runaway Slaves | |
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| Crime and Punishment | |
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| Conducting Business | |
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| Negligence | |
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| Debt | |
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| Papyruslansing: A Bureaucrat's View of Life | |
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| "Wash and Perfume Yourself and Put on Your Best Clothes" | |
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| The Origin and Spread of the Polis System | |
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| A Greek Definition of the Polis | |
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| Greek Life in the Eighth Century B.C. 1: "The Shield of Achilles" | |
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| Greek Life in the Eighth Century B.C. 2: Hesiod's Works and Days | |
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| Colonization and the Expansion of the Polis System: The Case of Cyrene | |
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| Herodotus' Account | |
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| Oath of the Colonists | |
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| Greeks and Non-Greeks in the Greek Colonies: The Foundation of Lampsacus | |
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| Greeks and Scythians in the Black Sea: Coexistence and Interaction | |
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| Warfare and the Polis | |
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| The Aristocratic Warrior | |
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| The Warrior Ideal | |
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| The Warrior and Society: The Drinking Song of Hybrias | |
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| The Hoplite Revolution and the Citizen Soldier | |
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| The Reality of Battle | |
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| A Good Citizen: Tellus of Athens | |
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| Only Farmers Can Be Good Citizens | |
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| The Hoplite Polis: Sparta | |
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| Heroic Athletics: The Chariot Race at Patroclus' Funeral Games | |
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| An Athletic Dynasty: The Diagorids of Rhodes | |
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| Athletics and the Polis: A Philosophical Critique | |
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| The Crisis of the Archaic Polis | |
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| Aspects of Aristocratic Life at its Peak | |
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| A Fine Symposium: Xenophanes | |
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| The Life of an Aristocrat: Alcaeus | |
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| When You Are "Repulsive to Boys and a Laughingstock to Women": Mimnermus on Old Age | |
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| A Woman's View of Aristocratic Life: Sappho's "To Anactoria" | |
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| The Crisis of the Aristocracy 1: The Laments of Theognis | |
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| Portrait of a Vulgar Upstart: Anacreon | |
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| The Crisis of the Aristocracy 2: Corinth | |
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| The Crisis of the Aristocracy 3: Athens | |
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| Husbands, Wives, and Slaves: The Domestic Foundations of the Polis | |
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| The Education of a Wife | |
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| The Short Sad Life of a Good Woman: The Epitaph of Sokratea of Paros | |
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| If Only We Could Reproduce Without Women...! | |
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| Slaves: The Best and Most Necessary of Possessions | |
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| "We Have Mistresses for Our Pleasure": Sex and Slavery in the Oikos | |
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| Freedom and Its Problems: The Life of Neaera | |
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| How to Become a Slave: Be in the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time | |
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| The Slave Trade: A Eunuch's Revenge | |
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| Empire and Democracy: The Classical Polis | |
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| The Golden Age: A Greek View | |
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| The Persian Empire and the Greek Worldview | |
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| Greeks Are Newcomers Compared to the Egyptians | |
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| All Customs Are Relative | |
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| The Athenian Empire: Origins and Structure | |
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| Imperial Democracy: A Critical View | |
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| Athens and Her Subjects: The Case of Erythrae | |
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| Imperial Democracy: A Favorable view-Pericles' Funeral Oration (Selections) | |
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| The Plague at Athens (430-429 B.C.) | |
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| War and Politics: The Case of Corcyra | |
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| "War Is a Hard Master": the Melian Dialogue | |
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| Religion in the Classical Polis: The Affair of the Herms | |
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| The Demos Must be Pure: Athenian Law on Teachers and Their Students | |
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| Defeat and Hard Times: Athens After the Peloponnesian War | |
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| Personal Religion in Classical Greece: The Case of Xenophon | |
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| The Hellenistic Age | |
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| Alexander the Great: Two Contrasting Views | |
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| An Idealistic View | |
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| A Jaundiced View of Alexander's Conquests and Their Results | |
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| Alexandria and the Colonial World of Hellenistic Egypt | |
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| A Hellenistic Metropolis: Alexandria in Egypt | |
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| Middle-Class Life in Hellenistic Alexandria | |
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| "Take Particular Care That No Fraud Occur": The Ideal of Honest and Efficient Administration | |
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| Administrative Oppression in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Amnesty of 118 B.C. | |
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| Culture Contact, Culture Clash: Religion and Society in the Hellenistic World | |
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| The Origin of Sarapis | |
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| The Praises of Isis, Mistress of the Universe and Creator of Civilization | |
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| How Sarapis Came to Delos: The Family of Apollonios, Priest of Sarapis | |
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| Culture Clash: Jewish Resistance to Hellenism and the Origins of Hanukkah | |
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| Jewish Life in the Diaspora: The Synagogue | |
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| The Synagogue of Alexandria | |
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| Moses Ordains the Sabbath Ritual | |
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| "Ptolemy is a Good Paymaster": Opportunities and Social Roles in the Hellenistic Period | |
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| An Athenian Boy Makes Good: The Life of Kallias, Ptolemaic Governor of Halicarnassus (Athens, 270-269 B.C.) | |
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| The Dangerous Life of a Soldier of Fortune | |
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| Recommendation for a Government Job (Egypt, 255 B.C.) | |
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| A Woman in Politics: Phyle, Wife of Thessalos (Priene, First Century B.C.) | |
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| A Woman Philosopher: The Life of Hipparchia | |
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| A Professional Woman: Phanostrate, Midwife and Doctor (Athens, Fourth Century B.C.) | |
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| A Professional Woman: The Theban Harpist Polygnota, Danghter of Socrates (Delphi, 86 B.C.) | |
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| The Romance of Prince Antiochus and Queen Stratonice | |
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| The Marriage Contract of Heracleides and Demetria (311 B.C.) | |
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| Political Culture of the Roman Republic | |
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| Order and Liberty: The Monarchy and the Republic | |
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| The Importance of Concord: Secession and Concession | |
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| Values That Made Rome Great | |
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| "All Things Went Well When We Obeyed the Gods, but Badly When We Disobeyed Them": The Speech of Camillus | |
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| The Glory of Rome Before All Else: Mucius Scaevola | |
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| "The Laws of War and Peace": The Schoolmaster of Falerii | |
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| Fame, Family, and Self-Promotion: The Roman Funeral | |
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| Money-Making, Religion, Bribery | |
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| Getting Elected: Techniques for the Candidate | |
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| War and Warfare | |
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| The Enemy: A Roman View | |
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| Celtic Ferocity | |
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| The Samnite Enemy | |
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| Roman Ferocity: "Decius...Summoning and Dragging to Himself the Army Devoted Along With Him" | |
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| Steadiness of the Romans: How They Coped with Defeat | |
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| The Complexities of War: Foreign and Domestic Issues | |
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| The Sack of Carthage | |
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| The Triumphal Parade of Aemilius Paullus | |
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| War as Personal Vengeance | |
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| Society and Culture in the Republic | |
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| "Secret Rites Performed at Night": The Bacchanalian Conspiracy | |
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| Patricians and Plebeians: Patrons and Clients | |
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| Patria Potestas and Materna Auctoritas: The Power of Fathers and Mothers Over Their Children | |
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| Marriage: Legalities and Realities | |
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| The Rape of Chiomara | |
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| "A Wife Without a Dowry is Under Her Husband's Thumb" | |
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| "Sell Worn-Out Oxen...Old and Sick Slaves" | |
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| Economics of Farming | |
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| The Roman Revolution | |
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| "Greed, Unlimited and Unrestrained, Corrupted and Destroyed Everything" | |
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| Social and Economic Conditions: The Gracchi | |
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| Politicians and Generals Out of Control | |
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| Social and Cultural Changes | |
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| "The Beginnings of Foreign Luxury" | |
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| "He Mocked all Greek Culture and Learning" | |
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| In Defense of Public Service | |
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| Cicero on the Decadence of the Roman Elite | |
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| Women of the Late Republic: Standing Up to the Triumvirs | |
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| The Augustan Settlement | |
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| The Reforms of Augustus | |
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| Reaction to Augustus' Moral Reforms | |
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| The Roman Peace | |
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| "They Make a Desert and Call it Peace": A View of Rome from the Provinces | |
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| Foreigners in the Roman Army | |
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| The Alternative: "If the Romans are Driven Out What Else Can There Be Except Wars Among All These Nations?" | |
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| A Roman View of Foreign Competition | |
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| "Nations by the Thousands...Serve the Masters of the Entire World": What Held the Roman Empire Together | |
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| Making it at Rome | |
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| The Career of an Emperor: Septimius Severus | |
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| A Celt Makes Good | |
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| Making It in the Ranks | |
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| Provincial Administration: Hands-On Style | |
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| Getting Along Together: The Role of Citizenship | |
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| The Role of Law | |
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| Society and Culture in the Roman Empire | |
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| Obligations of the Rich | |
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| Imperial Obligations | |
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| Religions and Moralities | |
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| Civic Religion | |
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| The Ideology of Paganism | |
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| The Divine Emperor | |
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| Rural Religions and Superstitions | |
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| A Holy Man Stops a Plague at Ephesus | |
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| Jesus of Nazareth | |
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| Paul of Tarsus | |
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| Christian Practice | |
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| Pliny's Encounter with Christianity | |
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| Rabbinic Judaism | |
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| Judaism of the Diaspora | |
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| Prologue to the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach | |
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| "The Mishnah Is the Holy One's Mystery" | |
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| Divination, Astrology, Magic | |
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| "Will Her Lover Outlive Her?" | |
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| "Thumbs Down Indicates Approval" | |
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| Moral Behavior | |
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| Moral Relativism | |
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| Moral Dogmatism | |
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| Daily Life in the Roman Empire | |
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| Peasant Life | |
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| City Life | |
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| How the Urban Lower Classes Coped | |
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| Upper Classes: Technology and the Good Life | |
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| Leisure: Gymnasia, the Baths, the Circus, the Arena | |
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| Daily Life as Seen Through the Law Codes | |
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| "If, While Several Persons Are Playing Ball..." | |
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| Bequests | |
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| "Wolves Carried Away Some Hogs..." | |
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| Family Life | |
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| An Affectionate Paterfamilias | |
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| A Satirist's View of Marriage | |
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| A Moralist's View of Marriage | |
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| An Affectionate Marriage | |
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| An Epitaph for a Wife | |
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| Friendship Among Wives: A Birthday Invitation | |
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| Epitaphs for Children | |
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| Christian Marriage: Paul's View | |
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| Abortion and Infanticide | |
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| The Transformed Empire | |
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| "Now Declining Into Old Age": A Review of Roman History From a Late-Empire Viewpoint | |
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| New Founders of Rome: Diocletian and Constantine | |
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| Constantine and Christianity | |
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| The Majesty of Emperors: Desires and Realities | |
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| The Entry of Constantius into Rome: A.D. 357 | |
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| The Emperor, the Truth, and Corruption | |
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| The Emperor and the Barbarians | |
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| Christianity, Rome, and Classical Culture | |
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| A Different Vision | |
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| Organization and Ideology | |
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| The Pagan Response | |
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| When the Shoe Was on the Other Foot | |
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| The Hellenization and Romanization of Christianity | |
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| Faith and Syllogisms | |
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| Justin Martyr: "Christianity Is the True Philosophy" | |
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| Monasticism | |
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| The Fall of Rome | |
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| Late Antiquity: The World of the Abrahamic Religions | |
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| The Conversion of a Barbarian King | |
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| Byzantine Grandeur: The Church of Holy Wisdom, Hagia Sophia | |
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| The Splendor of the Byzantine Court | |
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| Augustine's Two Cities: The City of God and the City of Man | |
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| "There are Two Powers by Which This World Is Ruled" | |
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| The Quran: The Sacred Scriptures of Islam | |
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| The Five Pillars of Islam | |
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| Abraham: The First Muslim | |
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| The People of the Book | |
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| Jihad: The Sixth Pillar of Islam | |